Week 2

Question 1

Define a grade 1 sprain?

Answer 1

Some stretching or tearing of ligaments, little joint instability. Mild pain, little swelling, maybe joint stiffness

Question 2

Define a grade 2 sprain?

Answer 2

Some tearing and separation of the ligament, moderate instability, moderate-to-severe pain, swelling, joint stiffness.

Question 3

Define a grade 3 sprain?

Answer 3

Total rupture of ligament, gross instability of the joint. Severe pain might be present initially, followed by little to no pain because of total disruption of nerve fibres. Swelling might be profuse, thus joint tends to become stiff some hours later.

Question 4

Define a grade 1 muscle strain?

Answer 4

Some muscle or tendon fibres have been stretched or torn. Active motion produces tenderness and pain. ROM still fully possible

Question 5

Define a grade 2 muscle strain?

Answer 5

Some muscle or tendon fibres have been torn and active contraction is extremely painful. Usually a palpable depression exists somewhere in the muscle belly at the spot where the muscle fibres have been torn. Some swelling might occur because of capillary bleeding.

Question 6

Define a grade 3 muscle strain?

Answer 6

Complete rupture of muscle fibres in the muscle belly. Patient has significant impairment to (or loss of) movement. Pain intensifies but diminishes quickly because separation of nerve fibres.

Question 7

What is the most common grade 3 muscle strain?

Answer 7

Bicep and achilles tendon.

Question 8

Energy of position or deformation comes in two primary forms…?

Answer 8

1. Gravitational potential energy (includes mass, height, gravity)
2. Deformation/strain energy (stored in the body) (change in distance over material deformation)

Question 9

If deformation of the various tissues associated with a movement EXCEEDS the materials limits it can lead to…

Answer 9

INJURY

Question 10

Material limits are _____ dependent, so if we suddenly change the way in which the energy is being applied to a weaker alignment = injury

Answer 10

direction

Question 11

Material limits are also ___ dependent

Answer 11

rate

Question 12

Deformation is ….?

Answer 12

A change in shape owing to an applied force (measured in absolute – mm)

Question 13

List the types of forces (5)

Answer 13

• compression
• Tension
• Shear
• Torsion
• Bending

Question 14

Describe the Annulus…

Answer 14

Tough layers of CT roughly 0.1-0.3 mm thick, 40 fibres per layer.

Question 15

Injuries often occur when we don’t only have compression on an area but have….

Answer 15

multi-directional pressure (e.g. compression AND flexion –> think about spine, bent back and load)

Question 16

Viscosity = ….

Answer 16

resistance to flow produced by fluid movement (time dependent – faster = more resistance)

Question 17

Creep =

Answer 17

Biphasic response to viscoelastic materials to prolonged/constant stress (prolonged postures –> spine compression etc)

Question 18

Relevance of biphasic response….?

Answer 18

Good in the context of flexibility training, but ‘bad’ in the context of prolonged sitting and standing postures

Question 19

What is distal avulsion?

Answer 19

Tendon off bone, e.g. bicep rupture

Question 20

Hamstring injury account for what percentage of all injuries?

Answer 20

12-16% and rising

Question 21

A hamstring injury typically occurs when?

Answer 21

During the terminal swing phase of high speed running (hamstring almost acting as brake)