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Immuno SHSUCOM > Week 2 > Flashcards

Week 2 Flashcards

1
Q

Where are lymphoid nodules

A

in the cortex of lymph nodes

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2
Q

Where are B cells located in a lymph node

A

germinal centers in lymphoid nodules

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3
Q

Where are T cells located in lymph nodes

A

paracortex

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4
Q

What is the flow of lymph thru a lymph node

A
  1. afferent lymphatic vessels
  2. subcapsular/marginal sinus
  3. trabecular/cortical sinus
  4. cortex and medullary cords
  5. medullary sinus
  6. efferent lymphatic vessels
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5
Q

Tonsils are a type of

A

MALT

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6
Q

What are the 3 types of tonsils

A

pharyngeal, palatine, lingual

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7
Q

What structure do tonsils lack

A

afferent lymph vessels

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8
Q

What layer of tonsils are the lymphatic nodules found

A

lamina propria

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9
Q

What surrounds lymphatic nodules in tonsils

A

T cells

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10
Q

How do tonsils prevent spread of infection to underlying tissues

A

a partial capsule of dense, fibrous CT

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11
Q

What is a sequestered crypt

A

a crypt filled with debris and pus

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12
Q

Structurally, how are the 3 types of tonsils different

A

palatine tonsils have many crypts, lingual tonsils have only 1 crypt, and pharyngeal tonsils have no crypts

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13
Q

Where do palatine and lingual tonsils drain to

A

jugulodiagastric/tonsillar lymph nodes

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14
Q

What type of epithelium do pharyngeal tonsils have

A

ciliated pseudostratified columnar epithelium which is RESPIRATORY epithelium

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15
Q

Where do pharyngeal tonsils drain to

A

retropharyngeal lymph nodes

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16
Q

Where are MALTs found

A

GI, respiratory, genital, and urinary tracts

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17
Q

What is the main Ab formed in MALT

A

secretory IgA

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18
Q

What are the 2 major MALT subdivisions

A

GALT (peyer’s, appendix, and tonsils)

BALT (bronchi)

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19
Q

Where are GALTs found

A

wall of ileum

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20
Q

What do the pharyngeal arches form from

A

mesoderm at 4-5 weeks

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21
Q

What do the pharyngeal clefts form from

A

ectoderm

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22
Q

What do the pharyngeal pouches form from

A

endoderm

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23
Q

What embryological malformation results in Treacher Collins

A

1st and 2nd pharyngeal arch malformations

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24
Q

What embryological malformation results in DiGeorge syndrome

A

3rd and 4th pharyngeal pouch malformations

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25
Q

5 Ab types in order of highest concentration to lowest

A

G A M E D

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26
Q

What Ab is a pentamer

A

IgM

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27
Q

What Ab can be dimer, monomer or trimer

A

IgA

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28
Q

What Ab is present in mucosa

A

IgA

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29
Q

What Ab is present in helminths and allergies

A

IgE

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30
Q

What Abs are present in naïve B cells

A

IgM and IgD

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31
Q

What is affinity maturation

A

prolonged or repeated exposure to an Ag results in the production of Abs with increasing affinity for the Ag

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32
Q

What is the most effective Ab response type

A

T-dependent

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33
Q

What is T-dependent humoral response

A

when follicular B cells recognize the protein Ag

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34
Q

What is T-independent humoral response

A

when marginal zone and B-1 B cells recognize polysaccharides, lipids and other non-protein Ags

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35
Q

Where are marginal zone B cells found

A

peripheral region of splenic white pulp

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36
Q

Where are B-1 B cells found

A

mucosal tissue and peritoneum

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37
Q

What type of Ab response produces high affinity Abs

A

T-dependent

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38
Q

What type of Abs are the most common produced by marginal zone B cells and B-1 B cells

A

IgM

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39
Q

What type of Abs are produced in primary Ab response

A

IgG and IgM

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40
Q

What type of Abs are produced in secondary Ab response

A

IgG (and IgA and IgE depending what type of pathogen)

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41
Q

What are the components of the BCR complex

A

BCR, Ig alpha, Ig beta

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42
Q

Memory cells express what type of Ab

A

IgG

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43
Q

How are memory cells long lived

A

because they only express IgG. Without IgD anymore, they cannot undergo anergy so they persist

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44
Q

What type of cells SECRETE IgM antibodies

A

plasma cells

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45
Q

What types of cells are found in the peripheral region of splenic white pulp

A

marginal zone B cells that participate in T-independent humoral immunity

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46
Q

What type of bacteria produce lipopolysaccharides

A

gram neg

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47
Q

What type of B cells respond to Ags in the mucosa and peritoneum

A

B-1s

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48
Q

How long does is take the immune system to mount a primary response

A

5-10 days

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49
Q

How long does it take the immune system to mount a secondary response

A

1-3 days

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50
Q

Where are macrophages located in lymph nodes

A

subcapsular sinus

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51
Q

First step of B cell activation involves 2 or more surface Igs clustering and binding the Ag at the same time. This is called

A

cross linking

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52
Q

What transduces the signal of Ag binding to surface Ig in B cell activation

A

proteins Ig alpha and Ig beta

53
Q

When 2 or more surface Igs cross-link, the ____ of Ig alpha and Ig beta are _____

A

ITAMs are phosphorylated

54
Q

What phosphorylates Ig alpha and Ig beta ITAMs

A

Fyn, Lyn, & Blk which are tyrosine kinases

55
Q

Once the ITAMs are phosphorylated, they recruit

A

Syk tyrosine kinase

56
Q

Sky tyrosine kinase phosphorylates

A

adaptor proteins

57
Q

Phosphorylation of adaptor proteins in B cell activation ultimately leads to the production of enzymes which serve as

A

transcription factors to initiate proliferation and differentiation

58
Q

What are the complement receptors expressed on the surface of B cells

A

CR2 or CD21

59
Q

In T-independent B cell activation, what are the 2 signals required for activation

A
  1. Ag recognition and thus cross-linking via BCR
  2. (a) Complement recognition via CR2 or CD21
    * **OR****
    (b) PAMP recognition via TLR
60
Q

What are the transcription factors produced after Ag-mediated signal transduction in B cells

A

Myc, nFAT, NF-kB, AP-1

61
Q

How does Ag-mediated activation of B cells prime them for interaction with T cells

A

Ag presentation and increased B7 expression

62
Q

What are the 5 functional consequences of B cell activation by Ag

A
  1. increased proliferation and survival
  2. primed for interaction with T cell
  3. increased responsiveness with cytokines
  4. migration from follicle to T cell zone
  5. Ab secretion
63
Q

Where does the initial T-B cell interaction take place

A

T cell zone

64
Q

4 basic steps of T-B cell interaction

A
  1. Naïve T cells are activated to Ths in T cell zone via DCs presenting Ag via MHC II
  2. Naïve B cells are activated in follicles via the same Ag
  3. the activated B & T cells migrate toward each other and meet in the extrafollicular focus (site of initial Ab response)
  4. some cells (B and Tfh cells) migrate back to follicle to form germinal centers for further Ab specialization
65
Q

What type of Ag best activates T cells

A

protein Ag

66
Q

What do adjuvants in vaccines do

A

stimulate the expression of costimulators on APCs

67
Q

In order to migrate to B cells, activated T cells increase the expression of _____ and decrease the expression of _____. The opposite expression happens in B cells.

A

INCREASE CXCR5

DECREASE CCR7

** opposite happens in B cell migration ***

68
Q

In order for B cells that have been activated by Ag to be recognized by Th cells activated by the same Ag, they must

A

endocytose, process, and then display the Ag via MHC-II on the surface

69
Q

In regards to a specific Ag, how do B and T cells differ in their recognition of it

A

B cells are capable of recognizing the native epitope (native=properly folded) where T cells recognize peptide fragments

70
Q

What happens if T cells only receive the first activation signal

A

anergy

71
Q

What are conjugate vaccines

A

when carrier proteins are added to weak Ags in order for B cells to elicit a T-dependent (aka much stronger) immune response versus relying on T-independent response.

*Used for Ags that T cells cannot recognize like bacterial polysaccharides hence the need for the carrier protein (which the T cell can recognize) **

72
Q

What are examples of common conjugate vaccines

A

PCV (pneumococcal) and Hib

73
Q

What interaction stimulates isotype switching

A

CD40-CD40L

74
Q

What are the 4 interactions between B & T cells

A
  1. TCR binding MHC-II
  2. CD40L binding CD40
  3. CD28 binding B7
  4. T cell cytokines binding B cell cytokine receptors
75
Q

Upon initial B & T cell interaction, plasma cells are produced but

A

they are short-lived and produce few memory cells

76
Q

Where does the majority of fully developed Ab responses take place

A

germinal centers

77
Q

The T cells that travel to the germinal centers in fully Ab response are called

A

Tfh cells (follicular helper T cells)

78
Q

The generation and function of Tfhs is dependent upon

A

ICOS

79
Q

In order for Tfhs to migrate to follicles, they express high levels of

A

CXCR5

80
Q

What cytokines are produced by Tfhs

A

IFN-gamma, IL-4, IL-17, IL-21

81
Q

Mature, activated B cell proliferation form the

A

dark zone of the germinal center

82
Q

Affinity selection takes place in the

A

light zones of the germinal center

83
Q

What Abs work best for opsonization

A

IgG1 and IgG3

84
Q

What Ab activates complement by the innate immune system

A

IgM

85
Q

Cytokines produced in mucosal tissue responses that allow for IgA isotype switching

A

TGF-beta and BAFF

86
Q

What B-T cell binding factor influences isotype switching

A

CD40L

87
Q

If a B cell is only capable of producing IgM even after Th cell binding, what component would be lacking

A

CD40L—– as seen with X-linked hyper IgM syndrome in males

88
Q

What enzymes allows for switch recombinaiton

A

AID– activation induced deaminase

89
Q

Isotype switching to IgG in humans is mediated by

A

IL-10

90
Q

Isotype switching to IgE in humans is mediated by

A

IL-4

91
Q

Affinity maturation ONLY occurs in what type of humoral response

A

T-dependent

92
Q

How does AID work

A

it converts cytosines into uracils

93
Q

Where does somatic HYPERmutation take place

A

in germinal centers

94
Q

Where are follicular dendritic cells found

A

light zones of germinal centers

95
Q

After undergoing somatic hypermutation, which B cells will be selected to survive

A

B cells whose Igs win the competition for binding to the Ag of FDCs or Tfhs —- basically, FDCs and Tfh dangle the Ag and see who can bind it faster and better

96
Q

What are plasmablasts

A

Ab-secreting B cells

97
Q

Where do plasmablasts migrate to

A

bone marrow or mucosal tissues

98
Q

Other than plasma cells, what else do high-affinity B cells become

A

memory B cells

99
Q

Do memory B cells secrete Abs

A

no

100
Q

What type of humoral immunity is the main one capable of producing long-lived memory B cells

A

T-dependent

101
Q

Why can’t non-protein Ags elicit a T-dependent response

A

MHC cannot recognize non-protein Ags which is required in order for T cells to recognize them

102
Q

How does antibody feedback work

A

Circulating Abs form an Ab-Ag complex and then circulating B cells also recognize and bind the same Ag. The tails (Fc portion) of the bound Ab then bind back to the B cell via
Fc-gamma-RIIB receptor on the surface which sends inhibitory signals telling the B cell to shut off Ab production

103
Q

Lupus is associated with polymorphisms of what receptor

A

Fc-gamma-RIIB

104
Q

What is the purpose of antibody feedback

A

to turn off humoral responses once enough Ab has been produced and to also limit Ab responses to self-Ags

105
Q

What protein associated with Fc-gamma-RIIB blocks ITAM on the BCR

A

ITIM—- TIM BLOCKS TAM

106
Q

Where does complement bind on an Ab

A

Fc region

107
Q

Where is the neonatal FcRn expressed

A

placenta, endothelium, and phagocytes

108
Q

Why do IgGs have a longer half life

A

the FcRns prevent degradation and recycle IgG back into circulation

109
Q

What would be the advantage to fusing protein drugs to the Fc region of IgGs

A

since IgGs have longer half lives thanks to FcRns, this allows the protein drugs to also have longer half lives

110
Q

What 3 ways do Abs neutralize microbes and toxins

A
  1. blocks penetration of microbe thru epi barrier
  2. Ab blocks binding of microbe to infect cells
  3. Ab blocks binding of toxin to cell receptor
111
Q

What recognizes opsonin

A

Fc-gamma-RI on phagocytes

112
Q

What is opsonization mainly used for

A

encapsulated bacteria (like pneumococci)

113
Q

Why are pts who have had a splenectomy susceptible to encapsulated bacteria

A

the spleen is rich in phagocytes that phagocytose the opsonized encapsulated bacteria

114
Q

What is ADCC

A

Ab-dependent cellular cytotoxicity— when IgG1 and IgG3 attached to infected cells are recognized by
Fc-gamma-RIII on NK cells… which leads to the NK destroying the cell similar to CD8+ T cell

115
Q

IgE recruits

A

eosinophils

116
Q

What is the IgE receptor found on eosinophils

A

Fc-epsilon-RI

117
Q

What cytokine promotes isotype switching to IgE

A

IL-4

118
Q

What cytokine produced by Th2 cells activate eosinophils

A

IL-5

119
Q

What are the 3 functions of the complement system

A

opsonization, inflammation, and cell lysis

120
Q

The early step in all 3 complement pathways is to

A

generate as many C3 fragments as possible and bind them to microbe

121
Q

A hypermetabolic state leads to

A

autoimmunity

122
Q

A hypometabolic state leads to

A

cancer

123
Q

What do T cells rely on for survival

A

glucose and fatty acid catabolism

124
Q

What type of Ab would be found in peyer’s patches

A

IgA

125
Q

The tonsils, appendix, and Peyer’s patches are aggregates of

A

MALT

126
Q

What are the 2 functions of GALT

A

surveillance and facilitate immune response

127
Q

What layer of the ileum are peyer’s patches found

A

lamina propria

128
Q

Where are T cells located in peyer’s patches

A

in the zone between the lymphoid nodules

Immuno SHSUCOM (3 decks)

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