Week 2

Question 1

Parasite

Answer 1

an organism that lives in or on an organism of another species (its host) and benefits by deriving nutrients at the other’s expense.

Question 2

Phoresy

Answer 2

an association between two organisms in which one (e.g. a mite) travels on the body of another, without being a parasite.

Question 3

Commensalism

Answer 3

an association between two organisms in which one benefits and the other derives neither benefit nor harm.

Question 4

Mutualism

Answer 4

a type of symbiotic relationship where all species involved benefit from their interactions.

Question 5

Symbiosis

Answer 5

describing any relationship or interaction between two dissimilar organisms.

Question 6

Parasitoid

Answer 6

an insect whose larvae feed and develop within or on the bodies of other arthropods

Question 7

Parasitoid examples

Answer 7

Ichneumonidae - family of parasitoid wasps (female wasps lay eggs on beetle larvae to be eaten).
Parasitengonae - mites
Halarachnidae - nose mites (live inside nasal cavity of seals and erodes tissue).
Ixodida - ticks (obligate blood feeders/haematophages)

Question 8

Haematophages

Answer 8

Blood-feeders

Question 9

5 Metazoan parasites

Answer 9

Acanthocephala
Chelicerata
Mollusca
Nematoda
Platyhelminthes

Question 10

Acanthocephala

Answer 10

Spiny-headed worms
Larvae are crustaceans.
Adults are found in fish and birds.
Two host lifecycle

Question 11

Annelida

Answer 11

Leeches
Hematophagous
Not true parasites

Question 12

5 Crustacea parasites

Answer 12

Copepoda
Isopoda
Cirripedia
Branchiura
Pentastomida

Question 13

Crustacia parasite copepoda

Answer 13

Macroparasite

Endoparasite of fishes

Question 14

Crustacia parasite isopoda

Answer 14

Wood-lice

Causes the host to become swollen due to large egg production of parasite

Question 15

Crustacia parasite Cirripedia

Answer 15

Barnacles
Conchoderma- whale barnacle. Occurs on the skin of whales
Sacculina- nother barnacle that grows inside larger crabs which stop the crab from growing and moulting

Question 16

Crustacia parasite branchiura

Answer 16

Fish-lice

Has suckers nd claw-like spines to hang on to the body of a fish and feed of the blood

Question 17

Crustacia parasite pentastomida

Answer 17

Tongue-wormsn
Highly modified barnacle
Lives in nasal passages of reptiles, birds, and mammals.

Question 18

Mullusca

Answer 18

Muscles
Anodontia Unionoidea - freshwater muscles
Larvae are blown out at passing fish. The larvae then clamp onto the Gill arches. Fish carries larvae with them to disperse them. They don’t feed on the fish.

Question 19

Nematoda

Answer 19

Wucheria
Loa
Eye worm

Question 20

Microparasites

Answer 20

Small body size
Multiply within their definitive host
Most pathogens
E.g. bacteria, fungi, virus, typanosomes

Question 21

Macroparasite

Answer 21

Large body size
Don’t multiply inside their definitive host
Mostly aggregate - close together clumps of organisms.
e.g. nematodes, tapeworm, ticks

Question 22

Pathogenicoty

Answer 22

Ability to cause disease in host

Question 23

Verulence

Answer 23

Degree of pathology caused. Related to the ability to multiply. Mostly immune system responding to surface proteins.

Question 24

Fomites

Answer 24

Objects that carry infection. E.g clothes, furniture, particles in air through sneezing.

Question 25

How do microparasites access the body?

Answer 25

Through fomites and inhalation

Question 26

How do marcoparasites access the body?

Answer 26

Through the skin

Through cuts

Question 27

Folliculitis

Answer 27

common skin condition in which hair follicles become inflamed. It’s usually caused by a bacterial or fungal infection.

Question 28

5 ways of classifying viruses?

Answer 28

1. particle morphology
   - shape
   - size
2. nucleic acid type
   - DNA or RNA
3. Genome properties
   - single/double stranded
   - linear/circular
4. Biological properties
   - type of host
   - type of transmission
5. Immunological and antigen properties
   - call membrane properties

Question 29

Foot and mouth disease

Answer 29

Virus pathogen 
Single RNA strand 
Direct contamination or airborne particle transmission 
Highly contagious for ruminants
Creates lesions in foot and mouth

Question 30

Bluetongue virus

Answer 30

Affects all ruminants
Non contagious
Has an insect vector
Causes a blue tongue

Question 31

Viroids

Answer 31

Circular molecules of RNA without capsids (even less developed than a virus)

Question 32

Prions

Answer 32

a type of protein that can trigger normal proteins in the brain to fold abnormally. Prion diseases can affect both humans and animals and are sometimes spread to humans by infected meat products. The most common form of prion disease that affects humans is Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease (CJD).

Question 33

Bacteria pathogens abilities

Answer 33

1. invasiveness
   - abillity to multiply within host
2. Toxigenicity
   - Endotoxins - toxin present on outer membrane, rarely fatal, causes fever, diarrhea, etc.
   - exotoxins - highly toxic proteins released into the bloodstream.

Question 34

Fungi pathogen Pneumocystis

Answer 34

Affects mammals

Causes pneumonia

Question 35

Fungi pathogen Dermatophytosis

Answer 35

Ringworm 
Affects Microsporum canis (dogs).
Spreads rapidly through spores or direct contact.
Some are zoonotic
Usually not lethal