Week 1

Question 1

Signs Vs symptoms

Answer 1

Signs are the effects of ill health which we can measure or see, and symptoms are how we communicate/report the signs. Symptoms are anthropocentric, signs are objective.

Question 2

Aetiology

Answer 2

Study of cause(s) or the way of causation leading to a disease or a certain condition.

Question 3

Disease

Answer 3

A disorder of structure or function in an organism, especially one that produces specific symptoms or that affects a specific location and is not simply a direct result of physical injury

Question 4

Zoonosis

Answer 4

Disease from one animal to another, usually the receiver is human, with animals being a source and reservoir of the causative agent.

Question 5

Causative agent

Answer 5

Any organism (or substance) affecting the health of an organism. Usually referred to as a pathogen, transmitted via a vector or not.

Question 6

Vector

Answer 6

An animal or inanimate object which transfers a causative agent from one place to another (e.g. a tick is a vector for Borrelia).

Question 7

Monogastric

Answer 7

One stomach.
simple double-chambered stomach.
Examples of monogastric herbivores are horses, rabbits, gerbils, and hamsters.
Examples of monogastric omnivores include humans, pigs, and rats.
Furthermore, there are monogastric carnivores such as dogs and cats.

Question 8

Ruminants

Answer 8

Ruminants are large hoofed herbivorous grazing or browsing mammals that are able to acquire nutrients from plant-based food by fermenting it in a specialized stomach prior to digestion, principally through microbial actions

Question 9

Monophyodont

Answer 9

animal with only one set of teeth that grows continuously throughout its life.
Such as platypuses, sloths, walruses, seals, narhwals, dolphins, and most toothed-whales.

Question 10

Diphyodont

Answer 10

animal with two successive sets of teeth.

Most mammals

Question 11

Polyphyodont

Answer 11

animal whose teeth are continually replaced.

Example, most toothed fishes, many reptiles such as crocodiles and geckos. Not mammals.

Question 12

Deciduous teeth

Answer 12

Teeth of a vertebrate which are shed after a time and replaced with a new set of teeth.

Question 13

Homodont

Answer 13

having teeth that are all of the same type

Question 14

Heterodont

Answer 14

having the teeth differentiated into incisors, canines, and molars

Question 15

Thecodont

Answer 15

having teeth fixed in sockets in the jaw.

Found in crocodiles and some fish.

Question 16

Components of a tooth

Answer 16

Enamel
Dentine
Cementum

Question 17

Apatite

Answer 17

mineral builds teeth of animals

Question 18

Enamel

Answer 18

Hard outer layer of teeth

Question 19

Dentine

Answer 19

Main supporting structure of the tooth.
70% mineral (hydroxyapatite crystals) - for structure
30% organic material - for nutrients

Question 20

Cementum

Answer 20

bone-like mineralized tissue lining the dentin of the root, which functions both to protect the root and as an attachment surface used to anchor the periodontal ligament to the tooth.

Question 21

Mastication

Answer 21

Chewing

Question 22

Buccal cavity

Answer 22

Mouth

Question 23

Bolus

Answer 23

Ball of saliva and food

Question 24

4 main types of salivary glands & location

Answer 24

Parotid - in cheek
Sub-lingual - under the tongue
Sub-mandibular / sub-maxillary - in the jaw
Zygomatic glands - found in carnivores (breaking down meat/ proteins).

Question 25

Ranula

Answer 25

a fluid collection, or cyst, that forms in the mouth under the tongue. It is filled with saliva (spit) that has leaked out of a damaged salivary gland.

Question 26

Oesophagus

Answer 26

Throat

Question 27

Rugae

Answer 27

Folds of mucosa which can stretch to increase stomach size.

Question 28

Mucosa of stomach

Answer 28

Membrane layer of the stomach that secretes digestive juices

Question 29

Chyme

Answer 29

acidic fluid which passes from the stomach to the small intestine

Question 30

Peristalsis

Answer 30

Muscle contractions that move food through the digestive tract

Question 31

Duodenum

Answer 31

First portion of the gut. Short and immobile. Continues the digestive process and joined by pancreatic and bile duct which emulsifies lipids and neutralises pH.

Question 32

Jejenum

Answer 32

Second portion of gut after Duodenum.

Relatively mobile. Lies in coils. Enzymatic processes continue / digestion continues.

Question 33

Ileum

Answer 33

3rd portion of the gut after jejenum. Absorbs electrolytes and nutrients.

Question 34

Parts of the gut wall (name and function)

Answer 34

Tunica mucosa - membrane that is folded into villi.
Tunica muscularis - smooth muscle that contracts in peristaltic waves.
Tunica serosa - protects the middle & inner layers.

Question 35

Caecum

Answer 35

Last portion of gut, after ilium. Function is compaction of waste.
Very large in herbivores because they have hindgut fermentation of high fibre food.

Question 36

Colon

Answer 36

After the caecum. Function to reabsorb water, electrolytes and vitamin K. No villi. Prepares waste for expulsion.

Question 37

Incidence rate

Answer 37

the rate of new cases of a condition observed within a given period

Question 38

Prevalence

Answer 38

the number of individuals with the disease either at a specific point in time

Question 39

Direct infection

Answer 39

spread when disease-causing microorganisms pass from the infected person to the healthy person via direct physical contact with blood or body fluids. Examples are touching, kissing, sexual contact, contact with oral secretions, or contact with body lesions.

Question 40

Indirect infection

Answer 40

spread when an infected person sneezes or coughs, sending infectious droplets into the air.

Question 41

Incubation period

Answer 41

The period between exposure to an infection and the appearance of the first symptoms.

Question 42

Reservoir

Answer 42

The long-term host of a pathogen of an infectious disease.

Question 43

Vector

Answer 43

A carrier of disease