Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Summative Revision > Week 2 > Flashcards

Week 2 Flashcards

1
Q

List examples of common gram positive cocci.

A
  • staphylococcus aureus

- streptococcus pneumoniae

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

List some examples of gram positive rods/bacci.

A
  • listeria monocytogenes

- corynebacterium diphtheriae

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Give an example of a gram negative cocci.

A

Neisseria meningitidis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

List some examples of common gram negative rods/bacci.

A
  • Escherichia coli

- salmonella species

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What are the benefits of normal flora colonisation?

A
  • establishment of infections is inhibited by competition and natural by products.
  • vitamins (K and B) in the gut produce metabolic end products.
  • immune stimulation
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Which body sites are sterile?

A
  • blood, tissues and organ systems
  • CNS
  • lower respiratory tract
  • sinuses, inner and middle ear
  • renal system down to posterior urethra
  • female reproductive tract down to cervix
  • eye except exposed conjunctivae
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

List the features of systemic inflammatory response syndrome (SIRS).

A
  • temp out with 36-38
  • heart rate >90
  • respiratory rate > 20
  • PaCo2 < 4.3 kPa
  • white cell count out with 4000-12000 / ml
  • > 10% immature band forms
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What is sepsis?

A

SIRS in presence of infection

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What is severe sepsis?

A

Sepsis with evidence of organ hypoperfusion e.g. hypoxaemia, oliguria, acidosis, cerebral dysfunction

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What is septic shock?

A

Severe sepsis with hypotension despite fluid resuscitation or vasopressor/inotropic support

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

List some examples of extracellular bacteria, parasites and fungi.

A
  1. Streptococcus pneumoniae (bacteria that causes pneumonia)
  2. Clostridium tetani (bacteria that causes tetanus)
  3. Trypanosoma brucei (parasite that causes sleeping sickness)
  4. Pneumocystis carinii (fungi that causes pneumocystis pneumonia)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

List some examples of intracellular bacteria and parasites.

A
  1. Mycobacterium leprae (bacteria that causes leprosy)
  2. Leishmania donovani (parasite that causes leishmaniasis)
  3. Plasmodium falciparum (parasite that causes malaria)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

List some examples of intracellular viruses.

A
  1. Variola (causes smallpox)
  2. Influenza (causes flu)
  3. Varicella (causes chickenpox)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

List some examples of extracellular parasitic worms.

A
  1. Ascaris (causes ascariasis)

2. Shistosoma (causes shistosomiasis)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Give examples of vaccines that use live attenuated, or killed, bacteria.

A
  • these allow immune system to learn an antibody response*
    1. BCG vaccine for tuberculosis
    2. Cholera vaccine for cholera
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Give examples of vaccines that use live attenuated viruses.

A
  • these allow the body to learn a cell mediated antibody response*
    1. Polio vaccine
    2. Rabies vaccine
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Give examples of vaccines that use a subunit (antigen).

A
  • these allow body to learn an antibody response*
    1. Diphtheria toxoid
    2. Tetanus toxoid
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Give examples of conjugate vaccines.

A
  • these enable body to learn a helper T cell dependent antibody response to polysaccharide antigens*
    1. Haemophilus influenza
    2. Streptococcus pneumoniae
19
Q

Give an example of a synthetic vaccine.

A
  • allows body to learn antibody response*

1. Hepatitis virus

20
Q

What types of vaccines are undergoing clinical trials?

A

Viral vectors and DNA vaccines - both aim to provide protection through a cell mediated and humoral immune response.

21
Q

Discuss Ebola.

A
  • spread via human contact/body fluids e.g. saliva and sweat
  • kills 1 in 2
  • signs/symptoms include:
    • fever
    • aches and pain
    • weakness and fatigue
    • sore throat
    • loss of appetite
    • GI - abdominal pain, vomiting, diarrhoea
      - unexplained haemorrhaging, bruising or bleeding
22
Q

Discuss the Zika virus

A
  • transmitted by mosquitos
  • can cause hydrocephalus in infants
  • can cause Guillian Barre syndrome (immune system attacks PNS)
  • signs/symptoms
    • rash
    • itching
    • high temp
    • headache
    • joint pain/swelling
    • muscle pain
    • conjunctivitis
    • lower back pain
    • pain behind eyes
23
Q

Discuss malaria.

A
  • parasite spread by anopheles mosquito
  • parasites replicate in liver and erupt as new forms which can get into RBCs
  • characterised by fever
  • cerebral malaria - RBCs become sticky and stick in vessels of brain to cause stroke
24
Q

Discuss lymphatic filariasis (elephantiasis)

A
  • parasitic worm from mosquitos (Aedes)
  • can cause, itching, swelling and thickening of skin
  • lymph doesn’t drain
25
Q

List some mosquito borne diseases

A
  • malaria
  • lymphatic filiariasis
  • Zika virus
  • Yellow fever
  • Dengue fever
  • Chikungunya
  • West Nile virus
26
Q

List some other arthropod borne diseases.

A
  • plague by fleas
  • leishmaniasis by sandflies
  • African trypanosomiasis by tsetse flies
  • American trypanosomiasis by reduced bugs
  • relapsing fever by ticks
  • Lyme disease by ticks
27
Q

Discuss yellow fever.

A
  • transmitted by mosquitos
  • vaccine available
  • signs/symptoms
    • fever
    • headache
    • nausea/vomiting
    • weakness/fatigue
28
Q

Discuss Chagas’ disease (aka American trypanosomiasis)

A
  • spread by kissing bugs that feed from mucous membranes/spread parasites in there faeces
  • cold/flu like symptoms
  • parasites may become dormant for 10/20 years
  • immune response over this period of time will eventually destroy infected tissues/organs
    • megacolon
    • cardiomegaly
29
Q

Discuss leishmaniasis.

A
  • parasitic cause, transmitted by sandflies
  • may cause skin or visceral disease, can also attack mucosal membranes
  • treated with antimony
30
Q

Discuss cholera.

A
  • caused by vibrio cholerae
  • too much water excreted so can kill very quickly
  • can be treated with oral rehydration salts
  • preventable by proper sanitation
31
Q

List some water and food borne diseases.

A
  • cholera
  • salmonella
  • e.coli
  • shigella
  • enterovirus
  • giardiasis
  • amoebiasis
  • cryptosporidiosis
32
Q

Discuss schistosomiasis.

A
  • water borne
  • parasitic worm
  • Praziquantel drugs kill parasite
33
Q

Describe the gram stain, shape and infections associated with MRSA

A
  • gram positive
  • coccus
  • skin, wound infections, blood
34
Q

Describe the gram stain, shape and infections associated with clostridium difficile.

A
  • gram positive
  • bacillus
  • antibiotic associated diarrhoea
35
Q

Describe the gram stain, shape and infections associated with pseudomonas aeruginosa.

A
  • gram negative
  • bacillus
  • respiratory, immunocompromised
36
Q

Describe the gram stain, shape and infections associated with mycobacterium tuberculosis.

A
  • neither gram +ve/-ve - acid fast staining
  • bacillus
  • pulmonary TB but can affect anywhere in the body
37
Q

Describe the gram stain, shape and infections associated with bordetella pertussis.

A
  • gram negative
  • cocco-bacillus
  • whooping cough
38
Q

What are PAMPs and DAMPs made up of and what is there function?

A
  • pathogen associated molecular patterns or damaged tissue associated molecular patters
  • function is to interact with pattern recognition receptors
39
Q

What is the complement cascade made up of and what is its function?

A
  • plasma proteins
  • function:
    1. Opsonise bacteria for phagocytosis
    2. Attract more phagocytic cells
    3. Directly kill bacteria
40
Q

Give an example of a chemokine and its function.

A
  • iL-8

- attract neutrophils

41
Q

Give examples of cytokines and their function.

A
  • iL-1, iL-6, TNF-a

- vascular permeability

42
Q

What is histamine and what does it do?

A

An inflammatory mediator that increases vascular permeability.

43
Q

How does the immune system respond to bacterial infections?

A
  • complement cascades
  • phagocytosis (opsonisation, antigen presentation via MHC II, Th1 or Th2)
  • cell mediated (Th2, IFN-y stimulates killing mechanisms)

Summative Revision (4 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions