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Medical immunology > week 19 p1 > Flashcards

week 19 p1 Flashcards

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USMLE® Step 1 flashcards
1
Q

What is Leukaemia and lymphoma

A

According to the stage of haemopoiesis at which their neoplastic cells are blocked

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2
Q

What is linage lymphoid myeloid

A

Stages of maturation and differentiation

2 types

First type is lymphoid stem cells that promotes T and B cells

The second type is myeloid stem cell which promotes RBC,neutrophils, platelets, monocytes

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3
Q

What happens it needs to be released if there is a defect in B and T cells

A

Cause immune responses to occur as T and B cells play important role in innate an adaptive immunity

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4
Q

The most frequent translocation partner seen in lymphoid malignancies involves which of the following genes?

A

BCR

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5
Q

What is the role of lineage lymphoid myeloid

A

Regulated by signalling pathway

and transcription factors

And role in proliferative

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6
Q

What is B-lineage Lymphoiesis

A
  • Generation of lymphoises which is a type of white blood cells
    • Causes leukaemia and lymphoma
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7
Q

How to identify B-lineage lymphopoiesis

A

• Normally blasts are suppose to be less 20% in bone me marrow

• If there more blast cells, it matures to lymphocytes  presented it means  are then released in the blood  which means patients have leukaemia
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8
Q

How can it B linage be observed

A

microscopy

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9
Q

Why are markers important in determine B lineage lymphopoieisis

A

• Lineage eg CD19

• Maturation  Both
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10
Q

What is immunomarker for B and T cells

A

CD3

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11
Q

How can PCR be used to determining B cell receptor

A

• PCR detects B and T cells

Different no of sizes of the bands is polyclonal

Polyclonal is mad out of different antigens

Cancer is monoclonal so made out of identical antigen figure

If PCR are monoclonal as shown in the picture it is cancer

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12
Q

Can you give as example of monoclonal antibodies lymphoma/leukaemia cancer cell

A

T / B or T and B lymphoma leukaemia- CD5, CD52

Non Hodgkin’s or B cell lymphoma- CD20

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13
Q

Describe Leukaemia

A

• Neoplasm derived from lymphoid or myeloid cells effecting the bone marrow and peripheral blood

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14
Q

What are the types of leukaemia called

A
  • Acute lymphoblastic leukaemia (ALL)
    • Acute myeloblastic leukaemia (AML)
    • Chronic lymphocytic leukaemia (CLL)

Chronic myelogenous leukaemia (CML)

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15
Q

What are the pathways of leukaemia

A
  • ALL: lymphoid stem cell- caused B and T cells
    • AMLL myeloid stem cell- erythrocyte, platelet ect
    • CLL: is maturation of B and T cells from lymphoid cell
    • CML: caused maturation of erythrocyte, neutrophil, platets ect from myeloid cell
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16
Q

What is acute leukaemia

A
  • Disease if the bone marrow fails
    • Cell maturation is disrupted at an early stages
    • Accumulation of immature a nd non functions cells in bone marrow
17
Q

What are the symptom’s of acute leukaemia

A
  • Anaemia due to the defect in rbc
    • Bleeding defects in platelets
    • Fever: due top other components
    • Infection due to the B and T cells responses to the immune system

WBC: infections increases

18
Q

In age an gender how is the type of leukaemia effected

A

• ALL is common in children
• AML is common in adults
Men over 70 are more likely to get CML

19
Q

What is chronic leukaemia

A

• Massive accumulation of wbc because it has lost its capability to die which was its function
• Increase WBC is not effective in fighting infections
Massive productions of rbc and platelets

20
Q

What is the stages of chronic leukaemia

A 
• Stage0: lymphocytes develop
	• Stage1: spleen engages
	• Stage 2: lymph nodes enlargers
	• Stage 4: anaemia
Stage 5: thrombocytopaenia
21
Q
  1. What is the difference between chronic and acute leukaemia
A 
Acute:
-leukaemia does not differentiate
-bone marrow fails
Patel if untreated
curable
chronic:
-leukaemia cells can differentiate
pmrofiltertaive without bone marrow failure
survival for years
bone marrow transplant needed
22
Q

What is the treatment of leukaemia

A
  • Chemotherapy

* Bone marrow transplant- works better

23
Q

How is chemotherapy work

A
  • Induction - kills disease
    • Consolidation-kill remaining cells by short term treatment
    • Maintains- continue of eradiate any remining undetectable cells with lower dose
24
Q

What is lymphomas

A
  • Cancer developed in lymphocytes as a solid tumour within lymphoid tissue
    • More diverse then leukaemia

Mostly related to mature B cells

25
Q

What is lymphomas classified as

A

• Hodgkin’s disease

Non Hodgkins lymphoma

26
Q

Describe Hodgkin’s disease

A

Is rare

Characterised by reed Sternberg (R-S) cell

large, abnormal lymphocytes (a type of white blood cell) that may contain more than one nucleus.

Cells in the lymphatic system grows abnormally and can effect the way the body fights infection

27
Q

What is the symptoms

A

Swelling in the lymph nodes in the beck, underarm, groin

Which Spreads to the liver ands bone marrow

28
Q

What is Non Hodgkin’s lymphoma

A

Diffuse large B lymphoma

Follicular lymphoma

Myeloma

lymphoma, the affected lymphocytes start to multiply in an abnormal way and begin to collect in certain parts of the lymphatic system, such as the lymph nodes (glands).

The affected lymphocytes lose their infection-fighting properties, making you more vulnerable to infection.

29
Q

What is the general lymphoma symptoms:

A 
• Lymph node swelling (not painful)
	• Fatigue
	• Weight loss
	• Fever come and goo
	• Night sweats 
Itchy without any cause
30
Q

How lymphoma cause immunodeficient

A

• Is conjugation with congenital immodefinciny
• And organ transplant cases involving immunosuppressive drugs
HIV patients when the CD4 count is indicative of AIDS

31
Q

What disease caused in lymphoma

A

• EBV enter latency in B ells after primary infection
• Effects B cells and epithelial; ells
• % of people are already infarcted in childhood
In acute infection of B cells is more serve as it causes infectious monucleosisi or granular fever

32
Q

What does EBV effects.

A
  • Immortalises B cells
    • Polyclonal proliferation of B cells
    • And accumulation with outgrowth of B cell clone that is made

Medical immunology (5 decks)

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