week 18 p2

Question 1

Why are some bacteria good

Answer 1

Commensal bacteria colonise- Commensal bacteria act on the host’s immune system to induce promote responses
that prevent colonization and invasion by pathogens.

Microenvironmental can contribute to a healthy epithelia interface

Question 2

How does bad bacteria form

Answer 2

• Disrupting the commensal bacterial flora creates an opportunity for pathogenic bacteria

• Pathogenic  exploits epithelial dysfunction  and weaken innate immunity

Question 3

Example of bacteria linked to diseases

Answer 3

• E.coli = urinary infection

S.aurus= epithelial infection

Question 4

Why can bacterial pathogen can overcome epithelial barrier

Answer 4

Through IgE portray which changes the surface of the cell

Causing it to be more resistance

Question 5

What are the bacterial cell wall

Answer 5

• Gram positive
• Gran negative
• Mycobacteria
Spinchodate

Question 6

What is the mechanism of immunopathogenesis

Answer 6

• 1.single toxin or epithelial attachment
• 2.Invassion
3.local invasions and toxify

Question 7

What is the protective mechanism without lymphocytes

Answer 7

• Increased vascular permeability
  
  • Chemotaxis
  • Activation of phagocytosis

Activation of endothelium

Question 8

What are the function of antibody of antibody and complect functions

Answer 8

• Attachment: antibodies to fimbriae, lipoteichoic acids, and some capsules
  
  • prevents mediated damage to GN and AB block transport mechanism and receptors
  • Avoidance of phagocytosis: AB neutralises immunodepletes and AB to M proteins and promote opsonisation
  • Damage the host: promote toxic and invasive: AB neutralize spreading and AB to promote neutralisation

Question 9

How does bacteria escape from antibody(Neisseria gonorrhoeae)

Answer 9

• AB blocks killing function of damaging antibodies

Supress the production of antibodies that can damage the organism

Question 10

How does bacterial escape occurs from complement attack

Answer 10

• Complement (no activation)
• Lyric complex
• Degraded by enzyme
Secreted decoy proteins

Question 11

What is CD4+ cell mediated immune mechanism

Answer 11

• T cell binds to CD4 in two ways
  
  • First way is through th1 and causing isotype switching

Second , th1 causes macrophage activation promoting intracellular killing

Question 12

What is CD4+ cell mediated immune mechanism

Answer 12

• T cell binds to CD4 in two ways
  
  • First way is through th1 and causing isotype switching
  • Second , th1 causes macrophage activation promoting intracellular killing

Question 13

How is CD8+ T cell activate

Answer 13

• CD8 is activated through uptake of apoptotic blebs, infection induced apoptosis and phagosome maturation

CTL: is activated through macrophage activation, macrophage activation

First CD8 happens and then CTL is activated

Question 14

What is the structure of LPS

Answer 14

• Lipopolysaccharide  ands  porin
	• Outer membrane
	• Periplasm
	• Plasma membrane
Membrane protein

Question 15

What is sepsis syndrome to invasive syndrome

Answer 15

• LPS recognitions is done by innate immune system
  
  • Sepsis results happen from activation of LPS responsive cells in the blood
  • Inflammation leads to endothelial cell activation and organ dysfunction

Question 16

What is the pyogenic exotoxins

Answer 16

• Bacteria are superantigen

* And activate T cells expressing unique V beta TCRs

Question 17

What is the diverse modes of superantigen

Answer 17

• All superantigen bind to both MHC class II and TCR but in different ways
  
  • 1.TCR bound to peptide MHC in the abscess of superantigen
  • 2.superantigen acting as a changing TCR to peptide MHC complex
  • 3.act as a bridge
  • 4.acting as a shift by displacing TCR from peptide, with TCR bound to MHC beta chain

Question 18

Why is Listeria monocytes is the most well studies pathogen

Answer 18

Bacteria’s replication in the liver in and spleen occur in 5 days

After 14 days mice are immune

Question 19

What re the ways to control TB

Answer 19

HIV infection, malnutrition and immune definicy

And/or compromised or warn immunity

Question 20

What is the mechanism to develop vaccine for TB

Answer 20

Effector CD4 and CD8 T cells are stimulated, which mature into Tm cells

Both effector and Tm cells participate in efficacious

protection and/or T cell exhaustion.

Treg cells interfere with protective immunity via unknown

mechanisms that perhaps involve IL-10 and/or TGF-β.

Better understanding of antigen processing

in tuberculosis, homing of T cells to the infected lung, and the role of Treg and Tm cells in sustaining

or curtailing protective immunity, respectively, will facilitate future vaccine design against
tuberculosis.

Question 21

How can parasites escape mechanism

Answer 21

Resistance to complement

Intracellular parasites avoid being killed by
oxygen metabolites and lysosomal enzymes

Parasites can also hide from immune attack

Question 22

How does Malaria infected RBCs expressing PfEMP-1

Answer 22

• Plasmodium falciparum erythrocyte membrane protein 1
  
  • Uses syncytiotrophblast causes placental a malaria
  • Endothelial by chondroitin sulphate A
  • Uses endothelial cell through CD36 causes cerebral m malaria
  • Ruses resetting of blood cells by CR1 to cause serve malaria
  • Uses pathosis by DC by CD36 fr modulated immunity