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Wow > Week 16 - Bacte > Flashcards

Week 16 - Bacte Flashcards

1
Q

attaches to the neuromuscular junction of nerves and prevents the release of acetylcholine.

A

Botulinum toxin

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2
Q

What are the clinical uses of Botulinum toxin type A (botox)?

A

Botulinum toxin type A is used to treat strabismus and as a beauty enhancer by improving frown lines temporarily.

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3
Q

What is the causative agent of Tetanus?

A

Clostridium tetani is the causative agent of Tetanus.

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4
Q

acts on inhibitory neurons, preventing the release of neurotransmitters in Tetanus

A

Tetanospasmin

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5
Q

What are the clinical manifestations of Tetanus?

A

Tetanus results in a spastic type of paralysis, with continuous muscular spasms leading to trismus (lockjaw), risus sardonicus (distorted grin), and difficulty breathing

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6
Q

How does Tetanus occur?

A

Tetanus occurs when spores in the environment enter the skin through puncture wounds.

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7
Q

What is the incubation period of Tetanus?

A

The incubation period of Tetanus has been reported to range from 3 to 21 days.

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8
Q

What is the prevention measure for Tetanus?

A

The prevention measure for Tetanus is the diphtheria tetanus-acellular pertussis (DTaP) vaccine.

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9
Q

What causes myonecrosis or gas gangrene?

A

Organisms like C. perfringens, C. histolyticum, C. septicum, C. novyi, and C. bifermentans contaminate wounds, leading to myonecrosis or gas gangren

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10
Q

What is the effect of gas gangrene exotoxins (; ×Fðxin)?

A

Gas gangrene exotoxins cause necrosis of the tissue and allow deeper penetration by the organisms.

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11
Q

What clinical manifestations is this include pain and swelling, bullae (fluid-filled blisters), serous discharge, discoloration, and tissue necrosis.

A

Clinical manifestations of gas gangrene

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12
Q

What is the most common cause of antibiotic-associated diarrhea and pseudomembranous colitis?

A

Clostridium difficile.

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13
Q

What toxins are produced by C. difficile?

A

C. difficile produces two toxins: toxin A (enterotoxin) and toxin B (cytotoxin).

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14
Q

presents with bloody diarrhea and associated necrosis of the colonic mucosa.

A

Pseudomembranous colitis

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15
Q

What is actinomycosis characterized by?

A

Actinomycosis is characterized by the development of sinus tracts and fistulae that erupt to the surface and drain pus containing sulfur granules.

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16
Q

Where are many cases of actinomycosis commonly seen?

A

Many cases of actinomycosis can be seen in the maxillary region, but the common site is the female genital tract associated with the use of long-standing intrauterine devices (IUDs).

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17
Q

Which bacteria is the most common cause of actinomycosis?

A

Actinomyces israelii is the most common cause of actinomycosis.

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18
Q

What causes Bacterial Vaginosis (BV)?

A

BV is caused by a shift in the vaginal biota resulting in the overgrowth of endogenous anaerobes such as Mobiluncus spp., Bacteroides spp., Prevotella spp., anaerobic gram-positive cocci, and Gardnerella vaginalis.

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19
Q

What are the clinical features of Bacterial Vaginosis (BV)?

A

Clinical features of BV include gray-white, homogenous, malodorous vaginal discharge, with little or no discomfort and no inflammation.

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20
Q

What does an overgrowth of lactobacilli in the vagina result in?

A

An overgrowth of lactobacilli in the vagina results in the production of lactic acid, which lowers the vaginal pH and suppresses the overgrowth of other organisms.

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21
Q

Which lactobacillus species is the most common in the healthy vagina?

A

The Lactobacillus acidophilus complex constitutes most of the lactobacilli of the healthy vagina.

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22
Q

What serious infections can occur with lactobacilli in immunocompromised patients?

A

Immunocompromised patients can experience serious infections like bacteremia and endocarditis caused by lactobacilli.

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23
Q

What opportunistic infections are caused by lactobacilli in patients receiving vancomycin?

A

Patients who received vancomycin can experience opportunistic infections like endocarditis and polymicrobial abscesses caused by lactobacilli.

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24
Q

What genera of anaerobic Gram-Negative Bacilli are commonly encountered?

A

The genera commonly encountered include the B. fragilis group, Porphyromonas, Prevotella, and Fusobacterium.

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25
Q

What types of infections are anaerobic Gram-Negative Bacilli often associated with?

A

Anaerobic Gram-Negative Bacilli are often associated with peritoneal infections following disruption of the gastrointestinal (GI) lining.

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26
Q

Where can anaerobic bacteria be found?

A

They can be found in soil, freshwater and saltwater sediments, and as components of the endogenous microbiota of humans and other animals.

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27
Q

What are exogenous anaerobes?

A

Anaerobes that exist outside the bodies of animals.

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28
Q

Give an example of exogenous anaerobes.

A

Genus Clostridium

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29
Q

What are endogenous anaerobes?

A

Anaerobes that exist inside the bodies of animals (endogenous microbiota), the source of endogenous infections.

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30
Q

What are the anaerobes commonly involved in human infections?

A

Actinomyces spp., Bacteroides spp., Prevotella spp., Porphyromonas spp., Fusobacterium spp., Clostridium spp., peptostreptococci

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31
Q

Which anaerobe causes actinomycosis?

A

A. Israelii, other Actinomyces spp.

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32
Q

Which anaerobes are responsible for antibiotic-associated diarrhea?

A

Clostridium difficile

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33
Q

Which anaerobes are associated with brain abscess?

A

Bacteroides spp., Prevotella spp., Porphyromonas spp., Fusobacterium spp., Clostridium spp.

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34
Q

Which anaerobes are involved in infections of the female genitourinary tract?

A

Peptostreptococci, Bacteroides spp., Clostridium spp., Prevotella bivia, P. disiens, Actinomyces israelii

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35
Q

What are the anaerobes responsible for intraabdominal infections, liver abscess, peritonitis, and perineal infections?

A

Bacteroides fragilis group, other Bacteroides spp., Fusobacterium spp., Clostridium spp., peptostreptococci

36
Q

Which anaerobes cause myonecrosis?

A

Clostridium perfringens, C. novyi, C. septicum

37
Q

Which anaerobes are associated with oral, sinus, and dental infections?

A

Peptostreptococci, Porphyromonas spp., Fusobacterium spp.

38
Q

Which anaerobes are responsible for aspiration pneumonia and pleuropulmonary infections?

A

Porphyromonas spp., F. nucleatum, peptostreptococci, B. fragilis group, Actinomyces spp.

39
Q

Which anaerobe is commonly found on the skin?

A

Propionibacterium acnes

40
Q

What can cause contamination in blood cultures?

A

Contamination from the patient’s skin resulting from poor site preparation during the venipuncture.

41
Q

What anaerobic bacilli are present in the respiratory tract?

A

Prevotella, Porphyromonas, Fusobacterium, and other anaerobic cocci

42
Q

Where do anaerobes outnumber facultative anaerobes?

A

In the gastrointestinal tract, by a factor of 1000:1.

43
Q

Which anaerobe accounts for less than 1% of the human intestinal biota?

A

Bacteroides fragilis

44
Q

Which anaerobes are commonly isolated from human feces?

A

B. vulgatus, B. thetaiotaomicron, B. distasonis, Bifidobacterium, Clostridium, Eubacterium, and the anaerobic gram-positive cocci

45
Q

What percentage of bacteria in cervical and vaginal secretions are anaerobes?

A

50%

46
Q

Name some anaerobes found in the genitourinary tract.

A

Anaerobic cocci, Fusobacterium, Prevotella, Bacteroides, and Lactobacillus

47
Q

Why are GU swabs and voided or catheterized urine specimens unacceptable for anaerobic bacteriology?

A

They may contain facultative anaerobes or aerobes that overgrow the anaerobes.

48
Q

What are some examples of gram-positive, spore-forming anaerobic bacilli?

A

Clostridium spp.

49
Q

How do Clostridium toxins access the body?

A

Usually through ingestion or open wounds contaminated with soil.

50
Q

What infections can Clostridium cause?

A

Wound or abscess infections, and it can be isolated from the blood in cases of bacteremia.

51
Q

What types of food poisoning are associated with Clostridium perfringens?

A

Type A (mild and self-limited GI illness) and type C (more serious but rarely seen disease)

52
Q

What causes type A food poisoning caused by C. perfringens?

A

It is caused by a C. perfringens enterotoxin linked to sporulation.

53
Q

What causes type C food poisoning associated with C. perfringens?

A
  • It is associated with strains that produce B-toxin and, less commonly, ; a-toxin.
54
Q

How many antigenically different botulinum toxins are there?

A
  1. only types A, B, and E are associated with human disease.
55
Q

What are the clinical manifestations of person to person contact with infected lesions?

A

Papules, nodules, ulcers

56
Q

What is the primary lesion of treponema pallidum subsp. pallidum?

A

Mother yaw - a sore that is most often painless but causes itching

57
Q

What does treponema pallidum subsp. endemicum cause?

A

Endemic Nonvenereal Syphilis

58
Q

How is treponema pallidum subsp. endemicum transmitted?

A

Person to person contact (mouth to mouth by utensils)

59
Q

What are the clinical manifestations of treponema pallidum subsp. endemicum?

A

Skin/mucous membrane patches - papules, macules, ulcers and scars

60
Q

What does treponema carateum cause?

A

PINTA

61
Q

How is treponema carateum transmitted?

A

Person to person contact (through infected lesions)

62
Q

What are the clinical manifestations of treponema carateum?

A

Hyperkeratotic pigmentation may lead to disseminated skin lesions and lymphadenopathy

63
Q

What are the laboratory diagnosis specimens for treponema?

A

Ulcers or lesions, tissue, needle aspirate, umbilical cord

64
Q

How can treponemes be identified in lesions?

A

Dark-field microscopy, direct fluorescent antibody - T. pallidum (DFA-TP), PCR

65
Q

What are the nontreponemal tests for serologic diagnosis?

A

Rapid Plasma Reagin (RPR), Venereal Disease Research Laboratory (VDRL)

66
Q

What are the treponemal tests for serologic diagnosis?

A

T. pallidum particle agglutination (TP-PA) test, Fluorescent treponemal antibody absorption (FTA-ABS) test, Particle gel immunoassay (PaGIA), T. pallidum indirect hemagglutination (TPHA)

67
Q

Why is susceptibility testing not performed for treponemes?

A

Because treponemes cannot be cultivated

68
Q

What is the drug of choice for therapy of treponemes?

A

Penicillin G

69
Q

What alternative drugs can be used for treponema therapy when patients are allergic to penicillin?

A

Tetracycline or doxycycline

70
Q

What is the highly effective alternative drug for early syphilis therapy?

A

Ceftriaxone

71
Q

What is the scientific name for the organisms responsible for louseborne or epidemic relapsing fever?

A

Borrelia recurrentis

72
Q

How is louseborne or epidemic relapsing fever transmitted?

A

Tick bite

73
Q

What are the clinical findings of louseborne or epidemic relapsing fever?

A

Petechiae, fever, myalgia, diffuse abdominal tenderness, conjunctival effusion

74
Q

How can Borrelia organisms be visualized in laboratory diagnosis?

A

Directly in wet preparations of peripheral blood, or staining thick and thin films with Wright stain or Giemsa stain

75
Q

What is the most common vector-borne disease in North America and Europe?

A

Lyme disease caused by Borrelia burgdorferi

76
Q

How is Lyme disease transmitted?

A

Bite from Ixodes ticks

77
Q

What are the stages of Lyme disease?

A

First stage (Erythema migrans), Second stage, Third stage

78
Q

What are the clinical characteristics of the first stage of Lyme disease?

A

Ring shaped skin lesion with a central clearing, fever, muscle and joint pain, malaise

79
Q

What are the clinical characteristics of the second stage of Lyme disease?

A

Arthritis, neurologic disorders (i.e. meningitis), carditis

80
Q

What are the clinical characteristics of the third stage of Lyme disease?

A

Chronic arthritis or acrodermatitis chronica atrophicans (ACA), and a diffuse skin rash

81
Q

What are the specimen types used for laboratory diagnosis of Lyme disease?

A

Blood, biopsy specimens, body fluids (synovial fluid and CSF)

82
Q

How can Borrelia burgdorferi be visualized in laboratory diagnosis of Lyme disease?

A

In Warthin-Starry silver stain

83
Q

What medium is used for incubation of Borrelia burgdorferi in laboratory diagnosis

A

Modified Kelly’s medium incubated at 30°C to 34°C in a microaerophilic environment

84
Q

What are the serologic tests used for Lyme disease diagnosis?

A

IFA, ELISA

85
Q

What is the therapy for relapsing fever caused by Borrelia?

A

Tetracycline

86
Q

What are the characteristics of leptospira organisms?

A

Spiral-shaped, right-handed helices

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