Basta 16

Question 1

They can be found in soil, in freshwater and saltwater sediments, and as components of the endogenous microbiota of humans and other animals.

Answer 1

ANAEROBIC BACTERIA

Question 2

anaerobes that exist outside the bodies of animals;
the infections they cause are termed exogenous infections.

Answer 2

Exogenous anaerobes

Question 3

Example of Exogenous anaerobes

Answer 3

Genus Clostridium

Question 4

anaerobes that exist inside the bodies of animals
(endogenous microbiota), the source of endogenous infections.

Answer 4

Endogenous anaerobes

Question 5

Causes Actinomycosis

Answer 5

A. Israelii, other Actinomyces spp.

Question 6

Antibiotic-associated diarrhea. pseudomembranous colitis

Answer 6

Clostridium difficile

Question 7

Bacteremia

Answer 7

B. fragilis group, fusobacteria, clostridia, peptostreptococci

Question 8

Brain abscess

Answer 8

Bacteroides spp.,
Prevotella spp.,
Porphyromonas spp.,
Fusobacterium spp.,
Clostridium Spp.

Question 9

Infections of the female genitourinary tract

Answer 9

Peptostreptococci,
Bacteroides spp.,
Clostridium spp.;
Prevotella bivia,
P. disiens,
Actinomyces israelii

Question 10

Intraabdominal infections, liver abscess, peritonitis, perineal and perirectal infections

Answer 10

Bacteroides fragilis group, other
Bacteroides spp., Fusobacterium
spp., C. perfringens, other
Clostridium spp.,
peptostreptococci

Question 11

Myonecrosis

Answer 11

Clostridium perfringens, C. novyi,
C. septicum

Question 12

Oral, sinus, dental infections

Answer 12

Peptostreptococci, Porphyromonas spp., Fusobacterium spp.

Question 13

Aspiration pneumonia, pleuropulmonary infections

Answer 13

Porphyromonas spp., F. nucleatum,
peptostreptococci, B. fragilis
group, Actinomyces spp.

Question 14

Contamination from the patient’s skin resulting from
poor site preparation during the venipuncture.

Answer 14

Propionibacterium acnes

Question 15

Opportunistic pathogen associated with cases of endocarditis, surgical wounds, and prosthetic joint infections.

Answer 15

Propionibacterium acnes

Question 16

Propionibacterium acnes is isolated from

Answer 16

Blood culture

Question 17

Present in saliva, nasal washings, and gingival and tooth scrapings.

Answer 17

Respiratory Tract - Gram-negative anaerobic bacilli (Prevotella, Porphyromonas, and Fusobacterium)

Question 18

Invasion through the oral mucosa should be suspected whenever oral anaerobes and are recovered from the bloodstream or from abscesses located far from the oral cavity.

Answer 18

F. nucleatum and Porphyromonas

Question 19

In Gastrointestinal Tract, Anaerobes outnumber facultative anaerobes by a factor of

Answer 19

1000 :1

Question 20

accounts for less than 1% of the human intestinal biota

Answer 20

Bacteroides fragilisis

Question 21

most common species of bacteria isolated from human feces.

Answer 21

B. vulgatus, B. thetaiotaomicron, and B.
distasonis

Question 22

What percentage of the bacteria in cervical and vaginal secretions are anaerobes.

Answer 22

50%

Question 23

Anaerobic cocci in Genitourinary Tract

Answer 23

Fusobacterium,
Prevotella,
Bacteroides, and
Lactobacillus.

Question 24

Genitourinary Tract specimens that are unacceptable for anaerobic bacteriology.

Answer 24

GU swabs
catheterized urine specimens

Question 25

Capable of producing spores

Answer 25

Clostridium spp

Question 26

Their toxins usually gain access to the body through ingestion or open wounds that have become contaminated with soil.

Answer 26

Clostridium spp

Question 27

Causes wound or abscess infection, and most can be isolated from the blood in cases of bacteremia.

Answer 27

Clostridium spp

Question 28

Causes food poisoning

Answer 28

Clostridium perfringens

Question 29

Clostridium perfringens is associated with two types of food poisoning

Answer 29

type A (mild and self-limited GI illness) type C (more serious but rarely seen disease)

Question 30

Lacks the ability to produce several essential amino acids (common implication: meats and gravies)

Answer 30

Clostridium perfringens

Question 31

What type of food poisoning caused by C. perfringens enterotoxin linked to sporulation

Answer 31

Type A (8-30 hr incubation period)

Question 32

What type of food poisoning caused by C. perfringens is associated with strains that produce β-toxin and, less commonly, α-toxin (Incubation period of at least 5 to 6 hours)

Answer 32

Type C

Question 33

Causative agent of Botulism

Answer 33

Clostridium botulinum

Question 34

Results from the ingestion of preformed botulinum toxin

Answer 34

Botulism

Question 35

There are seven antigenically different botulinum toxins, only types ________ are associated with human disease.

Answer 35

A, B, and E

Question 36

an extremely potent neurotoxin (attaches to the neuromuscular junction of nerves and prevents the release of acetylcholine ---- flaccid paralysis and death.

Answer 36

Botulinum toxin

Question 37

used to treat strabismus and as a beauty enhancer by temporarily improving frown lines.

Answer 37

Botulinum toxin type A (botox)

Question 38

Causative agent of Tetanus

Answer 38

Clostridium tetani

Question 39

Tetanus is Attributed to the neurotoxin ______ produced by Clostridium tetani.

Answer 39

tetanospasmin

Question 40

acts on inhibitory neurons, preventing the release of neurotransmitters. This results in a spastic type of paralysis, with continuous muscular spasms leading to trismus (lockjaw), risus sardonicus (distorted grin), and difficulty breathing.

Answer 40

Tetanospasmin

Question 41

Tetanus occurs when spores in the environment enter the skin through

Answer 41

puncture wounds.

Question 42

Prevention for Tetanus

Answer 42

diphtheria tetanus-acellular pertussis (DTaP) vaccine

Question 43

Occurs when organisms contaminate wounds, through trauma or surgery.

Answer 43

Myonecrosis or gas gangrene

Question 44

Most common cause of Myonecrosis or gas gangrene

Answer 44

C. perfringens

Question 45

cause necrosis of the tissue and allow deeper penetration by the organisms.

Answer 45

Gas gangrene exotoxins (α-toxin)

Question 46

Clinical manifestations include pain and swelling, bullae (fluid-filled blisters), serous discharge, discoloration, and tissue necrosis.

Answer 46

Myonecrosis or gas gangrene

Question 47

Most common cause of antibiotic-associated diarrhea and pseudomembranous colitis.

Answer 47

Clostridium difficile

Question 48

C. difficile multiply with less competition and produce two toxins:

Answer 48

toxin A (enterotoxin) and toxin B (cytotoxin)

Question 49

Bloody diarrhea with associated necrosis of colonic mucosa

Answer 49

pseudomembranous colitis

Question 50

Chronic, granulomatous, infectious disease characterized by the development of sinus tracts and fistulae, which erupt to the surface and drain pus that may contain so-called sulfur granules.

Answer 50

Actinomycosis

Question 51

Diagnosis: Examinations of wet mounts and Gram-stained preparations of pus from draining sinuses

Answer 51

Actinomycosis

Question 52

can be seen in the maxillary region, but the common site is the female genital tract associated with the use of long-standing intrauterine devices (IUDs)

Answer 52

Actinomycosis

Question 53

the most common cause of actinomycosis

Answer 53

Actinomyces israelii

Question 54

a shift in the vaginal biota occurs, resulting in the overgrowth of other endogenous anaerobes of the vagina

Answer 54

Bacterial Vaginosis

Question 55

Organisms in Bacterial Vaginosis

Answer 55

Mobiluncus spp., Bacteroides spp., Prevotella spp., anaerobic gram-positive cocci, and the aerobic bacterium Gardnerella vaginalis.

Question 56

Clinical features: gray-white, homogenous, malodorous vaginal discharge, with little or no discomfort and no inflammation

Answer 56

Bacterial Vaginosis

Question 57

Associated with an increased risk of a woman acquiring human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection, adverse outcomes in pregnancy, and possibly with the pathogenesis of pelvic inflammatory disease.

Answer 57

Bacterial Vaginosis

Question 58

Lactobacilli produce lactic acid from glycogen, which lowers the vaginal pH and suppresses the overgrowth of organisms such as

Answer 58

Mobiluncus, Prevotella, and G. vaginalis.

Question 59

constitutes most of the lactobacilli of the healthy vagina.

Answer 59

Lactobacillus acidophilus complex

Question 60

Opportunistic infections (endocarditis and polymicrobial abscesses) caused by lactobacilli are seen in patients who received the antimicrobial agent

Answer 60

vancomycin.