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Basta 16 Flashcards

1
Q

They can be found in soil, in freshwater and saltwater sediments, and as components of the endogenous microbiota of humans and other animals.

A

ANAEROBIC BACTERIA

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2
Q

anaerobes that exist outside the bodies of animals;
the infections they cause are termed exogenous infections.

A

Exogenous anaerobes

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3
Q

Example of Exogenous anaerobes

A

Genus Clostridium

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4
Q

anaerobes that exist inside the bodies of animals
(endogenous microbiota), the source of endogenous infections.

A

Endogenous anaerobes

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5
Q

Causes Actinomycosis

A

A. Israelii, other Actinomyces spp.

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6
Q

Antibiotic-associated diarrhea. pseudomembranous colitis

A

Clostridium difficile

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7
Q

Bacteremia

A

B. fragilis group, fusobacteria, clostridia, peptostreptococci

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8
Q

Brain abscess

A

Bacteroides spp.,
Prevotella spp.,
Porphyromonas spp.,
Fusobacterium spp.,
Clostridium Spp.

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9
Q

Infections of the female genitourinary tract

A

Peptostreptococci,
Bacteroides spp.,
Clostridium spp.;
Prevotella bivia,
P. disiens,
Actinomyces israelii

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10
Q

Intraabdominal infections, liver abscess, peritonitis, perineal and perirectal infections

A

Bacteroides fragilis group, other
Bacteroides spp., Fusobacterium
spp., C. perfringens, other
Clostridium spp.,
peptostreptococci

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11
Q

Myonecrosis

A

Clostridium perfringens, C. novyi,
C. septicum

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12
Q

Oral, sinus, dental infections

A

Peptostreptococci, Porphyromonas spp., Fusobacterium spp.

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13
Q

Aspiration pneumonia, pleuropulmonary infections

A

Porphyromonas spp., F. nucleatum,
peptostreptococci, B. fragilis
group, Actinomyces spp.

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14
Q

Contamination from the patient’s skin resulting from
poor site preparation during the venipuncture.

A

Propionibacterium acnes

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15
Q

Opportunistic pathogen associated with cases of endocarditis, surgical wounds, and prosthetic joint infections.

A

Propionibacterium acnes

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16
Q

Propionibacterium acnes is isolated from

A

Blood culture

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17
Q

Present in saliva, nasal washings, and gingival and tooth scrapings.

A

Respiratory Tract - Gram-negative anaerobic bacilli (Prevotella, Porphyromonas, and Fusobacterium)

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18
Q

Invasion through the oral mucosa should be suspected whenever oral anaerobes and are recovered from the bloodstream or from abscesses located far from the oral cavity.

A

F. nucleatum and Porphyromonas

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19
Q

In Gastrointestinal Tract, Anaerobes outnumber facultative anaerobes by a factor of

A

1000 :1

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20
Q

accounts for less than 1% of the human intestinal biota

A

Bacteroides fragilisis

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21
Q

most common species of bacteria isolated from human feces.

A

B. vulgatus, B. thetaiotaomicron, and B.
distasonis

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22
Q

What percentage of the bacteria in cervical and vaginal secretions are anaerobes.

A

50%

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23
Q

Anaerobic cocci in Genitourinary Tract

A

Fusobacterium,
Prevotella,
Bacteroides, and
Lactobacillus.

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24
Q

Genitourinary Tract specimens that are unacceptable for anaerobic bacteriology.

A

GU swabs
catheterized urine specimens

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25
Q

Capable of producing spores

A

Clostridium spp

26
Q

Their toxins usually gain access to the body through ingestion or open wounds that have become contaminated with soil.

A

Clostridium spp

27
Q

Causes wound or abscess infection, and most can be isolated from the
blood in cases of bacteremia.

A

Clostridium spp

28
Q

Causes food poisoning

A

Clostridium perfringens

29
Q

Clostridium perfringens is associated with two types of food poisoning

A

type A (mild and self-limited GI illness) type C (more serious but rarely seen
disease)

30
Q

Lacks the ability to produce several essential amino acids (common implication: meats and gravies)

A

Clostridium perfringens

31
Q

What type of food poisoning caused by C. perfringens enterotoxin linked to sporulation

A

Type A (8-30 hr incubation period)

32
Q

What type of food poisoning caused by C. perfringens is associated with strains that produce β-toxin and, less commonly, α-toxin (Incubation period of at least 5 to 6 hours)

A

Type C

33
Q

Causative agent of Botulism

A

Clostridium botulinum

34
Q

Results from the ingestion of preformed botulinum toxin

A

Botulism

35
Q

There are seven antigenically different botulinum toxins, only types ________
are associated with human disease.

A

A, B, and E

36
Q

an extremely potent neurotoxin (attaches to the neuromuscular junction of nerves and prevents the release of acetylcholine —- flaccid paralysis and death.

A

Botulinum toxin

37
Q

used to treat strabismus and as a beauty enhancer by temporarily improving frown lines.

A

Botulinum toxin type A (botox)

38
Q

Causative agent of Tetanus

A

Clostridium tetani

39
Q

Tetanus is Attributed to the neurotoxin ______ produced by Clostridium tetani.

A

tetanospasmin

40
Q

acts on inhibitory neurons, preventing the release of neurotransmitters. This results in a spastic type of paralysis, with continuous muscular spasms leading to trismus (lockjaw), risus sardonicus (distorted grin), and difficulty breathing.

A

Tetanospasmin

41
Q

Tetanus occurs when spores in the environment enter the skin through

A

puncture wounds.

42
Q

Prevention for Tetanus

A

diphtheria tetanus-acellular pertussis (DTaP) vaccine

43
Q

Occurs when organisms contaminate
wounds, through trauma or surgery.

A

Myonecrosis or gas gangrene

44
Q

Most common cause of Myonecrosis or gas gangrene

A

C. perfringens

45
Q

cause necrosis of the tissue and allow
deeper penetration by the organisms.

A

Gas gangrene exotoxins (α-toxin)

46
Q

Clinical manifestations include pain and swelling, bullae (fluid-filled blisters), serous discharge, discoloration, and tissue necrosis.

A

Myonecrosis or gas gangrene

47
Q

Most common cause of antibiotic-associated diarrhea and pseudomembranous colitis.

A

Clostridium difficile

48
Q

C. difficile multiply with less competition and produce two toxins:

A

toxin A (enterotoxin) and toxin B (cytotoxin)

49
Q

Bloody diarrhea with associated necrosis of colonic mucosa

A

pseudomembranous colitis

50
Q

Chronic, granulomatous, infectious disease characterized by the development of sinus tracts and fistulae, which erupt to the surface and drain pus that may contain so-called sulfur granules.

A

Actinomycosis

51
Q

Diagnosis: Examinations of wet mounts and Gram-stained preparations of pus from draining sinuses

A

Actinomycosis

52
Q

can be seen in the maxillary region, but the common site is the female genital tract associated with the use of long-standing intrauterine devices (IUDs)

A

Actinomycosis

53
Q

the most common cause of actinomycosis

A

Actinomyces israelii

54
Q

a shift in the vaginal biota occurs, resulting in the overgrowth of other endogenous anaerobes of the vagina

A

Bacterial Vaginosis

55
Q

Organisms in Bacterial Vaginosis

A

Mobiluncus spp.,
Bacteroides spp.,
Prevotella spp.,
anaerobic gram-positive cocci,
and the aerobic bacterium Gardnerella
vaginalis.

56
Q

Clinical features: gray-white, homogenous, malodorous vaginal discharge, with little or no discomfort and no inflammation

A

Bacterial Vaginosis

57
Q

Associated with an increased risk of a woman acquiring human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection, adverse outcomes in pregnancy, and possibly with the pathogenesis of pelvic inflammatory disease.

A

Bacterial Vaginosis

58
Q

Lactobacilli produce lactic acid from glycogen, which lowers the vaginal pH and suppresses the overgrowth of organisms such as

A

Mobiluncus,
Prevotella, and
G. vaginalis.

59
Q

constitutes most of the lactobacilli of the healthy vagina.

A

Lactobacillus acidophilus complex

60
Q

Opportunistic infections (endocarditis and polymicrobial abscesses) caused by lactobacilli are seen in patients who received the antimicrobial agent

A

vancomycin.

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