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Fundamentals of body function Year 1 > Week 16 > Flashcards

Week 16 Flashcards

1
Q

What is pitting?

A

When a patient has oedema, you can press their leg and the pit stays in place

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2
Q

What is the microcirculation made up of?

A

Smallest arterioles and capillaries

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3
Q

How are capillaries controlled?

A

Via constriction of arterioles

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4
Q

Which arterioles aren’t innervated?

A

Terminal arterioles
Tone controlled by local metabolic factors (ie vasomotor)

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5
Q

What is capillary density relient on?

A

Tissue demand

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6
Q

What is the main purpose of capillaries?

A

exchange

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7
Q

What are the three types of capillaries? What are they grouped by?

A

Capillaries are grouped by leakiness

Continuous
Fenestrated
Sinusoid/ discontinuous

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8
Q

Describe Continuous capillaries

A

Tight junctions present
FOund in muscle, skin, lung, fat, CNS

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9
Q

Describe fenestrated capillaries

A

Small lipophobic molecules can pass thru
They are found in tissues where extensive molecular exchange with the blood is necessary, such as the small intestine, kidneys, and endocrine glands

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10
Q

Describe sinusoid/ discontinuous capillaries

A

Large lipophobic molecules can pass through, RBCs too.
Found in liver, spleen, bone marrow.

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11
Q

Describe paracellular fluid exchange

A

The capillary is permeable to fluid (passing between cells)

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12
Q

Describe transcellular fluid exchange

A

Aqua porins presents (fluid passing through cells)

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13
Q

Define ultrafiltration

A

Fluid flows across a semi permeable membrane

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14
Q

What drives ultrafiltration?

A

-mainly capillary blood pressure

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15
Q

What opposes ultrafiltration?

A

opposed by osmotic effect of proteins

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16
Q

What are the driving forces for water movement?

A

Capillary hydrostatic pressure
osmotic pressure

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17
Q

Describe Capillary hydrostatic pressure

A

the arterioles control pressure for downstream capillaries

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18
Q

What is the sole force retaining water in plasma?

A

osmotic pressure

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19
Q

What force draws water in from tissues?

A

Colloid osmotic pressure

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20
Q

What does the Net Volume flow (Jv) determine?

A

The net filtration pressure

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21
Q

If The net filtration pressure is +ve, what does this mean?

A

Fluid will leave the capillary

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22
Q

If The net filtration pressure is -ve, what does this mean?

A

Fluid will enter the capillary

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23
Q

What does tissue fluid drainage return, and to where?

A

Lymphatics return excess interstitial tissue to blood, completing normal local fluid balance

24
Q

What factors affect ventilation?

A

-resistance to air flow
-resistance to blood flow
-surface tension (esp. alveoli)

25
What does compliance mean in terms of respiration physiology?
Compliance=easiness to stretch
26
What pressure must stay greater than another pressure to keep lungs distended?
alveolar pressure> intrapleural pressure
27
What does lung compliance (CL) depend on?
elasticity and alveolar surface tension
28
What equation connects Complaince, volume and pressure?
CL= Change in volume / Change in pressure
29
What limits the expansion of the lung?
Collagen fibres
30
What diseases could limit lung expansion?
Lung fibrosis Pulmonary oedema deficiency of surfactant
31
Describe Lung fibrosis
Associated with hi collagen making it harder to breathe as lungs are less compliant
32
What diseases could cause too much lung expansion?
Emphysema COPD (umbrella term)
33
Describe Emphysema
Loss of elastic tissue makes it easier for lungs to expand, however harder for lungs to collapse in expiration
34
What is intrapleural pressure?
The pressure between the lung and the chest wall
35
What is alveolar surface tension and why is surfactant critical?
Water molecules lining alveolar are attracted to one another, so without surfactant the surface tension in alveoli cause them to collapse.
36
What cell secretes surfactant?
Type II pneumocytes/ epithelial cells
37
What is the Young La Place law?
Without surfactant, smaller alveoli would squeeze air into bigger alveoli. This would limit diffusion
38
What stimulates surfactant release?
Lung expansion
39
How does surfactant stop water molecules being too atracted to one another?
Obstructs hydrogen bonds between H2Os. Equal conc in small and large alveoli so greater impact on surface tension of smaller alveoli. So pressure is equalized between small and large alveoli
40
Who might have less surfactant?
Premature babies
41
What is the air flow/ resistance like in the upper respiratory?
Fast and turbulent airflow high resistance
42
What is the air flow/ resistance like in the lower respiratory?
Slow and lamina (one direction) low resistance
43
What factors impact perfusion?
-vessel diameter (most important) -vessel length -blood viscosity
44
What is Pulmonary hypoxic vasoconstricition (PHV)?
When there is hypoxic/ blockage in airway, blood flow reroutes to supply blood where the O2 partial pressure is normal
45
What percentage on total energy metabolism is used in respiratory work?
1-2% at rest up to 10% whilst excercising
46
What happens during quiet inspiration?
Diaphragm and intercostal muscles contract
47
What happens during forceful inspiration?
Quiet and accessory muscles are used
48
What happens during quiet expiration?
Diaphragm and intercostal muscles relax
49
What happens during forceful expiration?
Abdominal contracts intercostals contract
50
What does the scalene accessory muscle do?
Lift the first 2 ribs
51
What membrane covers the lung and chest wall?
Pleural
52
What is the transmural pressure?
The difference between the inraalveolar and intrapleural pressures
53
What is the Functional Residual capacity (FRC)
Volume of air (about 3L) after a normal exhalation
54
What are the two conducting zones of the respiratory sytstem?
conducting zone respiratory zone
55
What's the difference between the conducting zone and the respiratory zone?
conducting zone= no gas exchange, caritalge plates respiratory zone= site of gas exchange, elastic
56

Fundamentals of body function Year 1 (5 decks)

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