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Fundamentals of body function Year 1 > Week 15 > Flashcards

Week 15 Flashcards

1
Q

What is the function of the cardiovascular system?

A

Transport
Water, electrolytes, hormones
Temperature regulation

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2
Q

What is the normal given value fro blood pressure?

A

120/80 mmHg (sys/dias)

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3
Q

What are the three layers of cardiac tissue?

A

Endocardium (lining)
Myocardium (inner layer)
Epicardium (middle layer)
Pericardium (outer layer)

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4
Q

What peptide does the atria produce?

A

Atrial natriutretic Peptide (ANP)
If atria stretches too much, these peptides alert kidneys to release water into urine to lower blood volume

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5
Q

How do cardiac myocytes achieve slower action potentials?

A

L type Ca2+ channels have slower opening and closing times

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6
Q

Why do cardiac myocytes have slower action potentials?

A

Time delay is so that ventricles and atria can fill

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7
Q

What are the two skills of the SAN?

A

Automaticity (spontaneous)
Rythmicity

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8
Q

Describe the unique electrophysiology of the SAN

A

Unstable/ drifting resting potential
decay of pacemaker potential determines heart rate

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9
Q

What is the order of spread of excitation through the muscle?

A
  1. SAN to atria
    2.AV node (dromotopes)
  2. Bundle of his
  3. Purkinje fibres to ventricles
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10
Q

In an ECG, what are the four main bumps?

A

P, QRS, T, U

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11
Q

In an ECG, what does the P bump represent?

A

Artia depolarisation

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12
Q

In an ECG, what does the QRS bump represent?

A

Vetricles depolarisation

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13
Q

In an ECG, what does the T bump represent?

A

Ventricles repolarising

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14
Q

In an ECG, what does the PR interval represent?

A

Atrioventricular conduction

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15
Q

In an ECG, what does the QT interval represent?

A

Duration of ventricular activation

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16
Q

Define tachycardia

A

High heart rate

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17
Q

Define Bradycardia

A

Low heart rate

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18
Q

Define channelopathies

A

Ion channel defects (caused by genetica or drugs) that makes the QT interval lomger)

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19
Q

If cardiac output has to change due to demand, what will blood pressure and resistance so?

A

Blood pressure must stay constant
so resistance has to change a lot

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20
Q

What are the resistances and pressures like in the pulmonary Vs systemic circulation?

A

Pulmonary= lo resistance and lo pressure
Systemic= Hi resistance and Hi pressure

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21
Q

How much of the blood will the venous system store in a resting state?

A

70% blood

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22
Q

SV vs CO

A

SV= vol of blood pumped from left ventricle during systole
CO= vol of blood pumped form the heart per minute

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23
Q

What is a given value for resting vs exercise Cardiac Output?

A

Rest= 5L/min
Exercise= 20L/min

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24
Q

What does R stand for?

A

Resistance

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25
What does Q stand for?
FLow
26
What equation links flow, resistance and blood pressure together?
Q= change in pressure / R
27
What equation links Cardiac output, pressures and resistance?
CO= Map-CVp / TPR
28
What equation links Co and heart rate?
CO= HR x SV
29
Hoe would you use the thermodilution method to measure CO or SV?
1. known vol of cold saline injected into right atrium 2. Temp change recorded in pulmonary artery
30
How do Beta blockers extrinsically control Heart rate?
1. Sympathetic arm releases noradrenaline 2. Beta 1 adrenoreceptors are blocked 3. No steeper slope of pacemaker potential created 4. No +ve chronotropism 5. No increase in HR
31
Give an example of a beta blocker?
Propanolol
32
What does atropine do to HR and how?
1. fibres release Ach via parasympathetic arm 2. Ach cannot bind to muscarinic receptors 3. Slope is not reduced 4. No negative chronotropism 5. Heart rate is not lowered
33
What determines stroke volume?
Preload (filling pressure) Afterload (pressure of blood post heart) Contractility
34
What is the functional relevance of Starling's Law?
-Intrinsic property of cardiac muscle= regulation of stroke volume -balances output of left and right ventricles
35
Explain how pulmonary oedema can be a consequence of left sided heart failure
Fluid is forced into lungs by increase in pulmonary blood volume and pressure
36
What do ionotropes affect?
force
37
What do chronotropes affect?
Heart rate
38
What do dromotropes affect?
Av conduction
39
Give examples of +ve ionotropes?
Noradrenaline, adrenaline
40
Give examples of -ve ionotropes?
Beta blockers
41
What are the consequences of hypotension?
Poor perfusion (in brain=critical) Thus fainting for example
42
What are the consequences of hypertension?
Hi Pressure in arterioles Loss of fluid to legs/lungs Excessive afterload in heart
43
What equation links MAP, pulse pressure (systolic-diastolic) and diastolic
MAP= 1/3 Pulse pressure + diastolic
44
What equation links MAp, Co and TPR
MAP= Co x TPR
45
What is the innermost elastic lining of a blood vessel called?
tunica intima
46
What is the middle elastic lamina+smooth muscle part of a blood vessel called?
tunica media
47
What is the outer connective tissue part of a blood vessel called?
tunica adventitia
48
Which arm of the nervous system are arterioles ennervated by?
sympathetic (Alpha)
49
What determines MAP?
Co and TPR
50
What determines TPR?
Sympathetic arm and hormones (local regulation at tissues)
51
What determines CO?
SV and HR
52
What controls short term regulation of MAP?
Baroreceptor Reflex
53
Describe the 4 steps of the Barorecepetor reflex sensing and sending afferent message
1. mechanoreceptors sense wall stretch 2. increase in pressure 3. increase firing of afferent nerves 4. afferent nerves terminate in medulla
54
Define orthostasis
Postural change causes blood pressure change
55
What do cardiopulmonary receptors detect?
Sense blood volume in low pressure regions
56
What do chemoreceptors sense?
Hypopxia, hypocapnia, acidosis
57
What does endothelium detect?
Nitric oxide is a potent vasodilator
58
What are the two kinds of autoregulation in blood vessels?
Myogenic and metabolic
59
How does the myogenic control of blood pressure work?
Increase in bp Increase in stretch of ECM Increase in signalling voltage gated Ca2+ open Increase Ca2+ entry Increase vasoconstriction so no change in flow
60
How does the metabolic control of blood pressure work?
Increase in bp Increase in flow Increase in dilution of dilating meatbolites decrease in dilating meatbolites Increase in vasocontriction so no change in flow
61
What extrinsic reflexes impact blood pressure?
-muscle metaboreceptors -temp change -pain -lung stretch receptors
62
What helps the long term control of blood pressure?
The kidney
63
pressure natriuresis
the kidney's response to increased blood pressure by excreting more sodium (and water) in the urine, which helps to lower blood pressure and fluid volume

Fundamentals of body function Year 1 (5 decks)

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