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Foundations of Clinical Biochemistry (Weeks 10 - 14 content) > Week 14- pH and Buffering > Flashcards

Week 14- pH and Buffering Flashcards

1
Q

An acid that is completely dissociated is a weak acid.

a) True
b) False

A

b) False

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2
Q

A base that is partially dissociated is a strong acid.

a) True
b) False

A

b) False

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3
Q

Which of the following is a weak acid?

a) HCL
b) H2SO4
c) H2CO3
d) KOH
e) NaOH

A

c) H2CO3

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4
Q

Which of the following is a weak base?

a) HCL
b) H2SO4
c) H2CO3
d) NH4OH
e) NaOH

A

d) NH4OH

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5
Q

The blood pH is termed acidosis if it is

a) ˂ 7.00
b) = 7
c) ˂ 7.45
d) ˂ 7.40
e) ˂ 7.35

A

e) ˂ 7.35

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6
Q

The blood pH is termed alkalosis if it is

a) > 7.45
b) > 7.00
c) > 7.35
d) = 7
e) ˂ 7.45

A

a) > 7.45

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7
Q

Patients risk death if their blood pH is —-

a) < 6.8 or > 8.0
b) < 6.95 or > 7.7
c) < 6.9 or > 7.3
d) < 7.5 or > 7.75
e) < 7 or > 7.6

A

a) < 6.8 or > 8.0

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8
Q

The blood pO2 is ——mmHg

a) 3.5 – 5.5
b) 7.35 – 7.45
c) 22 - 26
d) 35 – 45
e) 80 - 100

A

e) 80 - 100

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9
Q

The blood pH is ——-

a) 6.35 - 7.00
b) 7 – 7.5
c) ˂ 7.45
d) ˂ 7.40
e) 7.35 – 7.45

A

e) 7.35 – 7.45

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10
Q

The blood pCO2 is —–mmHg.

a) 22 - 26
b) 35 – 45
c) ˂ 45
d) ˂ 35
e) 80 – 100

A

b) 35 – 45

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11
Q

The blood HCO3- is —–mEq/L.

a) 22 - 26
b) 35 – 45
c) ˂ 22
d) ˂ 26
e) 80– 100

A

a) 22 - 26

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12
Q

The most abundant buffer system in ECF for acid-base homeostasis is:

a) Ammonia
b) Amino groups
c) Bicarbonate
d) Hemoglobin
e) Phosphate

A

c) Bicarbonate

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13
Q

The blood pH maintains a

a) 20:1 ratio : HCO3- : H2CO3
b) 20:1 ratio : H2CO3: HCO3-
c) 10:1 ratio : HCO3- : H2CO3
d) 10:1 ratio : H2CO3: HCO3-

A

a) 20:1 ratio : HCO3- : H2CO3

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14
Q

A buffer solution is one which resists changes in —– when small quantities of an acid or an alkali are added to it.

a) pH
b) Pressure
c) Temperature

A

a) pH

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15
Q

Acidic buffer solutions are commonly made from a — and one of its salts.

a) Strong acid
b) Strong base
c) Weak acid
d) Weak base

A

c) Weak acid

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16
Q

Alkaline buffer solutions are commonly made from a — and one of its salts.

a) Strong acid
b) Strong base
c) Weak acid
d) Weak base

A

d) Weak base

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17
Q

Strong acids/bases are strong buffers because they make the system more acidic/basic.

a) True
b) False

A

b) False

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18
Q

The first line of defence against pH shift are—-

a) Chemical buffers
b) Physiological buffers

A

a) Chemical buffers

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19
Q

The renal mechanism is faster than the respiratory mechanism in terms of acid-base balance.

a) True
b) False

A

b) False

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20
Q

—– mechanism is managed by the lungs: too —- carbon dioxide exhaled will increase the acidity of the blood, whereas too —- carbon dioxide exhaled will decrease the acidity of the blood.

a) Little
b) Much
c) Metabolic
d) Respiratory

A

d) Respiratory
a) Little
b) Much

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21
Q

In acid-base homeostasis, increasing the rate of respiration and depth will result in acidosis.

a) True
b) False

A

b) False

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22
Q

In acid-base homeostasis, hyperventilation can lead to:

a) Metabolic acidosis
b) Metabolic alkalosis
c) Respiratory acidosis
d) Respiratory alkalosis

A

d) Respiratory alkalosis

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23
Q

In acid-base homeostasis, hypoventilation can lead to:

a) Metabolic acidosis
b) Metabolic alkalosis
c) Respiratory acidosis
d) Respiratory alkalosis

A

c) Respiratory acidosis

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24
Q

——-mechanism is managed by the kidneys: is based on bicarbonate ions production. Too —– bicarbonate will decrease the plasma acidity leading to alkalosis. Kidneys can also get rid of large amounts of acids (H+) to reduce acidosis.

a) Little
b) Much
c) Metabolic
d) Respiratory

A

c) Metabolic

b) Much

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25
Q

In acid-base homeostasis, ——- can eliminate acids or excrete base:

a) Lung
b) Liver
c) Kidney
d) Heart

A

c) Kidney

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26
Q

In acid-base homeostasis, the kidneys get rid of CO2, whereas the lungs get rid of H+.

a) True
b) False

A

b) false

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27
Q

In acid-base homeostasis, too much bicarbonate can lead to:

a) Metabolic acidosis
b) Metabolic alkalosis
c) Respiratory acidosis
d) Respiratory alkalosis

A

b) Metabolic alkalosis

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28
Q

In acid-base homeostasis, too much excretion of H+ can lead to:

a) Metabolic acidosis
b) Metabolic alkalosis
c) Respiratory acidosis
d) Respiratory alkalosis

A

b) Metabolic alkalosis

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29
Q

In acid-base homeostasis, if there is a problem with the kidneys, then compensation will be from the lungs, —compensation. Whereas, if there is a problems with the lungs, then compensation will be from the kidneys, —compensation.

a) Metabolic
b) Respiratory

A

b) Respiratory

a) Metabolic

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30
Q

Hyperventilation increases plasma acidity, whereas hypoventilation increases plasma basicity

a) True
b) False

A

b) False

31
Q

In acid-base imbalance, metabolic compensation occurs in case of metabolic problem, and respiratory compensation occurs in case of respiratory problem.

a) True
b) False

A

b) False

32
Q

High levels of CO2 in blood is termed

a) Hyperapnia
b) Hypercapnia
c) Hyperkalemia
d) Hypernatremia
e) Hyperglycemia

A

b) Hypercapnia

33
Q

In acid-base imbalance, respiratory acidosis is due to hypoventilation or hypercapnia or —-

a) Decreased HCO3-
b) Decreased CO2
c) Increased HCO3-
d) Increased CO2

A

d) Increased CO2

34
Q

In acid-base imbalance: respiratory acidosis could be compensated by giving the patient ——- solution as it will be converted to bicarbonate ions in the liver.

a) Fructose
b) Glucose
c) Lactose
d) Lactate
e) Malate

A

d) Lactate

35
Q

In acid-base imbalance: the treatment for respiratory acidosis could be any of the followings EXCEPT:

a) Restore ventilation
b) Lactate solution
c) Kidneys eliminate hydrogen ions
d) Kidneys retain bicarbonate ions
e) Hypoventilation

A

e) Hypoventilation

36
Q

In acid-base imbalance, metabolic acidosis is due to elevated proton concentration or —-

a) Decreased HCO3-
b) Decreased CO2
c) Increased HCO3-
d) Increased CO2

A

a) Decreased HCO3-

37
Q

In acid-base imbalance: metabolic acidosis could be compensated by giving the patient ——- solution as it will be converted to bicarbonate ions in the liver.

a) Fructose
b) Glucose
d) Lactose
e) Lactate
f) Malate

A

e) Lactate

38
Q 
The following are symptoms of --------
Headache, lethargy
Nausea, 
Vomiting
Diarrhea
Coma

a) Metabolic acidosis
b) Metabolic alkalosis
c) Respiratory alkalosis
d) Respiratory acidosis

A

a) Metabolic acidosis

39
Q

In acid-base imbalance: the treatment for metabolic acidosis could be all the followings EXCEPT:

a) Restore ventilation
b) IV lactate solution
c) Kidneys eliminate hydrogen ions if possible
d) K+ exchanges with excess H+ in ECF
e) Hypoventilation

A

e) Hypoventilation

40
Q

In acid-base imbalance, in case of alkalosis, there is —of the central nervous system. That goes hand in hand with the symptoms seen in —due to acidosis.

a) Stimulation
b) Relaxation
c) Hyperkalemia
d) Hypokalemia

A

a) Stimulation

d) Hypokalemia

41
Q

In ICF/ECF, in case of alkalosis, potassium is more likely to decrease in plasma.

a) True
b) False

A

a) True

42
Q

In acid-base imbalance, respiratory alkalosis is due to hyperventilation or hypocapnia or —-

a) Decreased HCO3-
b) Decreased CO2
c) Increased HCO3-
d) Increased CO2

A

b) Decreased CO2

43
Q

In acid-base imbalance, respiratory alkalosis is less common.

a) True
b) False

A

b) False

44
Q

In acid-base imbalance: respiratory alkalosis could be compensated by giving the patient ——- solution as it will replace the bicarbonate ions in the liver.

a) Chloride
b) Fructose
c) Glucose
d) Lactate
e) Malate

A

a) Chloride

45
Q

the treatment for respiratory alkalosis could be any of the followings EXCEPT:

a) Breathe into a paper bag
b) Hyperventilation
c) IV Chloride containing solution
d) Kidneys eliminate bicarbonate ions
e) Kidneys retain hydrogen ions

A

b) Hyperventilation

46
Q

In acid-base imbalance, metabolic alkalosis is due to decreased proton concentration or —-

a) Decreased HCO3-
b) Decreased CO2
c) Increased HCO3-
d) Increased CO2

A

c) Increased HCO3-

47
Q

In acid-base imbalance: metabolic alkalosis could be compensated by giving the patient ——- solution as it will replace the bicarbonate ions in the liver.

a) Chloride
b) Fructose
c) Glucose
d) Lactate
e) Malate

A

a) Chloride

48
Q

The following are symptoms of ——–
Respiration slow and shallow (patients try to hold on to the CO2)
Hyperactive reflexes ; Tetany
Often related to depletion of electrolytes
Atrial tachycardia
Dysrhythmias

a) Metabolic acidosis
b) Metabolic alkalosis
c) Respiratory alkalosis
d) Respiratory acidosis

A

b) Metabolic alkalosis

49
Q

In acid-base imbalance: the treatment for metabolic alkalosis could be all the followings EXCEPT:

a) IV chloride solution
b) Electrolytes solution
c) Hyperventilation

A

c) Hyperventilation

50
Q

In acid-base imbalance: the treatment for metabolic alkalosis via respiratory compensation is difficult as hypoventilation is limited by ——-.

a) Hypoxia
b) Hypocapnea
c) Hypercapnea

A

a) Hypoxia

51
Q

In acid-base imbalance, If the pH returned back to normal, it is called:

a) Fully compensated
b) Partially compensated
c) Uncompensated

A

a) Fully compensated

52
Q

In acid-base imbalance, If the pH did not return back to normal, and the compensation factor is not within the normal range, it is called:

a) Fully compensated
b) Partially compensated
c) Uncompensated

A

b) Partially compensated

53
Q

In acid-base imbalance, If the compensation factor is in the normal range, it is called:

a) Fully compensated
b) Partially compensated
c) Uncompensated

A

c) Uncompensated

54
Q

In acid-base homeostasis, the body response to acid-base imbalance is called compensation.

a) True
b) False

A

a) True

55
Q

In acid-base homeostasis, if the lungs or kidneys were able to return the blood pH to normal range, pH 7.35-7.45, it is called—-

a) Partial compensation
b) Complete compensation

A

b) Complete compensation

56
Q

In acid-base homeostasis, if the lungs or kidneys weren’t able to return the blood pH to normal range, pH 7.35-7.45, it is called—-

a) Partial compensation
b) Complete compensation

A

a) Partial compensation

57
Q

In acid-base imbalance: In general, the blood samples are collected from:

a) The veins
b) The arteries

A

b) The arteries

58
Q

A patient presenting with respiratory acidosis due to COAD, will be placed on —– to increase water excretion.

a) Hyperventilation
b) Thiazide diuretics

A

b) Thiazide diuretics

59
Q

In acid-base imbalance: patient with respiratory acidosis may progress to respiratory alkalosis if —

a) Placed on thiazide diuretics
b) He is over ventilated
c) Placed on salicylate
d) a) & c)
e) a) & b)

A

e) a) & b)

60
Q

In acid-base imbalance: In some cases, we can find patients with mixed acid-base imbalance. For example, metabolic acidosis and respiratory alkalosis in ——-.

a) Alcohol abuse
b) Chloride solution overdose
c) Lactate solution overdose
d) Salicylate overdose

A

d) Salicylate overdose

61
Q

In acid-base imbalance: patient with respiratory acidosis may progress to respiratory alkalosis if —

a) Hyperventilated
b) Hypoventilated

A

a) Hyperventilated

62
Q

In acid-base imbalance: severe —results in loss of bicarbonate ions, which results in metabolic acidosis. Whereas —-results in acidic stomach fluids loss and —–.

a) Diarrhoea
b) Metabolic alkalosis
c) Metabolic acidosis
d) Overhydration
e) Vomiting

A

a) Diarrhoea
e) Vomiting
b) Metabolic alkalosis

63
Q

In acid-base imbalance: excessive ingestion of antacids in a patient with gastric ulcers can cause:

a) Metabolic acidosis
b) Metabolic alkalosis
c) Respiratory acidosis
d) Respiratory alkalosis

A

b) Metabolic alkalosis

64
Q

In acid-base imbalance: excessive pyloric stenosis can cause:

a) Metabolic acidosis
b) Metabolic alkalosis
c) Respiratory acidosis
d) Respiratory alkalosis

A

b) Metabolic alkalosis

65
Q

In acid-base imbalance: excessive pyloric stenosis can cause:

a) Metabolic acidosis
b) Metabolic alkalosis
c) Respiratory acidosis
d) Respiratory alkalosis

A

a) Metabolic acidosis

66
Q

In acid-base imbalance: Is a fall in pO2 always accompanied by a rise in pCO2 or vice versa.

a) Yes
b) No

A

b) No

67
Q

In acid-base imbalance: a fall in pO2 is not always accompanied by a rise in pCO2 or vice versa. For example, in case of —–because —is 20x more soluble in water than —-.

a) CO2
b) O2
c) Decreased ventilation
d) Hyperlipidemia
e) Pulmonary oedema

A

e) Pulmonary oedema
a) CO2
b) O2

68
Q

In acid-base imbalance: poor oxygenation of blood is always due to poor ventilation, or lack of oxygen.

a) True
b) False

A

b) False

69
Q

Metabolic ——- patients are more likely to have low level of O2 bound to
Hemoglobin (pO2).
a) Acidosis
b) Alkalosis

A

b) Alkalosis

70
Q

Metabolic ——- patients are more likely to have high level of O2 bound to
Hemoglobin (pO2).
a) Acidosis
b) Alkalosis

A

a) Acidosis

71
Q

One molecule ofhemoglobincan bind—— molecules ofoxygen.

a) 1
b) 2
c) 3
d) 4
e) 5

A

d) 4

72
Q

In acid-base imbalance: poor oxygenation of blood is not always due to poor ventilation, or lack of oxygen. For example due to:

a) Anaemia
b) Hyperventilation
c) Low CO2
d) Low CO

A

a) Anaemia

73
Q

In acid-base imbalance: What is a good marker for poor tissue oxygenation or hypoxia?

a) Glucose level
b) Hemoglobin
c) Lactate
d) Malate
e) Thiazide diuretics

A

c) Lactate

74
Q

Level of hemoglobin oxygenation can be monitored by “Pulse Oximeter”.

a) True
b) False

A

a) True

Foundations of Clinical Biochemistry (Weeks 10 - 14 content) (5 decks)

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