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Foundations of Clinical Biochemistry (Weeks 10 - 14 content) > Week 10 - Lipoprotein Metabolism > Flashcards

Week 10 - Lipoprotein Metabolism Flashcards

1
Q

Cholesterol can be removed from of the body by the kidney.

a) True
b) False

A

b) False

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2
Q

Cholesterol occupies most of the volume of adipocytes.

a) True
b) False

A

a) True

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3
Q

The following are characteristics of ———
I. Component of cell and organelle membranes
II. Precursor for steroid hormones
III. Precursor for vitamin D
IV. Precursor for synthesis of bile acids and salts

a) Carbohydrates
b) Cholesterol
c) Enzymes
d) Triglycerides

A

b) Cholesterol

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4
Q

—-is more hydrophilic than ——.

a) Cholesterol
b) Cholesteryl ester

A

–a) Cholesterol–is more hydrophilic than —b) Cholesteryl ester—.

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5
Q

Cholesteryl ester is the storage form of cholesterol.

a) True
b) False

A

a) True

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6
Q

Amphipathic is a molecule containing both hydrophilic and hydrophobic moieties.

a) True
b) False

A

a) True

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7
Q

Triglycerides are —-whereas phospholipids are ——.

a) Amphiphatic
b) Hydrophobic
c) Hydrophilic

A

Triglycerides are —b) hydrophobic—whereas phospholipids are —a) amphiphatic—.

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8
Q

Cholesterol could be found

a) Inside the cells
b) Inside, outside, and within the cells
c) Outside the cells
d) Within the cells

A

b) Inside, outside, and within the cells

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9
Q

The right order of lipoproteins in terms of density from the lowest to the highest is:

a) Chylomicrons – VLDL – IDL – LDL – HDL
b) Chylomicrons – VLDL– LDL – HDL –IDL
c) IDL – VLDL – LDL – HDL – Chylomicrons
d) VLDL – IDL – LDL – HDL – Chylomicrons

A

a) Chylomicrons – VLDL – IDL – LDL – HDL

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10
Q

The smallest lipoproteins in terms of size is:

a) Chylomicron
b) HDL
c) IDL
d) LDL
e) VLDL

A

b) HDL

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11
Q

The largest lipoproteins in terms of size is:

a) Chylomicron
b) HDL
c) IDL
d) LDL
e) VLDL

A

a) Chylomicron

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12
Q

The highest amount of proteins in lipoproteins is in:

a) Chylomicrons
b) HDL
c) IDL
d) LDL
e) VLDL

A

b) HDL

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13
Q

The highest amount of lipids in lipoproteins is in:

a) Chylomicrons
b) HDL
c) IDL
d) LDL
e) VLDL

A

a) Chylomicrons

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14
Q

The carrier of lipoprotein is cholesterol:

a) True
b) False

A

b) False (lipoproteins are the carriers for cholesterol)

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15
Q 
Lipoproteins are composed of all the following:
o	Cholesterol
o	Phospholipids
o	Proteins
o	Triglycerides

a) True
b) False

A

a) True

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16
Q

Lipoprotein is a component of cholesterol.

a) True
b) False

A

b) False (cholesterol is a component of lipoproteins)

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17
Q

Lipoproteins are composed of; outer shell of —-, core of fats including —-and a surface —–molecules help tissues to recognize and take up the particles.

a) Apoproteins
b) Cholesterols
c) Phospholipids

A

Lipoproteins are composed of; outer shell of —-(c)Phospholipids—-, core of fats including —-(b)Cholesterols——-and a surface ——-(a)Apoproteins—molecules help tissues to recognize and take up the particles.

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18
Q
  • ————- serve as a vehicle to transport fats and cholesterol in the plasma
    a) Carbohydrates
    b) Lipoproteins
    c) Phospholipids
    d) Triglycerides
A

d) Triglycerides

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19
Q

Apolipoproteins are ———— binding to lipoproteins.

a) Carbohydrates
b) Hormones
c) Proteins
d) Lipids

A

c) Proteins

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20
Q

The surface of lipoproteins contains the –1—components phospholipids and apolipoproteins, whereas the core contains the –2—components triglycerides and cholesteryl ester.

a) Hydrophilic
b) Hydrophobic

A
  1. Hydrophilic

2. Hydrophobic

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21
Q

Binding of LDL to its LDL-receptor is mediated by the apoprotein ——–.

a) Apo A-I
b) Apo A-II
c) APO B 100
d) Apo E

A

c) APO B 100

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22
Q

Binding of HDL to its receptor ABC1 is mediated by the apoprotein ——–.

a) Apo A-I
b) Apo A-II
c) APO B 100
d) Apo E

A

b) Apo A-II

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23
Q

One of the functions of —————- is to mediate binding of lipoproteins to lipoproteins receptors.

a) Apolipoproteins
b) Cholesterol
c) HDL
d) LDL

A

a) Apolipoproteins

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24
Q

One of the functions of —————- is to regulate the metabolism of lipoproteins and their uptake in tissues.

a) Apolipoprotein
b) Lipoprotein receptor
c) Cholesterol
d) HDL
e) LDL

A

b) Lipoprotein receptor

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25
Q
  • ————— is required for synthesis, secretion and catabolism of lipoproteins.
    a) Apolipoprotein
    b) Cholesterol
    c) HDL
    d) LDL
A

a) Apolipoprotein

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26
Q

Elevated LDL and HDL cholesterol increase the risk to get atherosclerosis.

a) True
b) False

A

b) False

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27
Q

The following factors have a positive impact on increasing the risk to get atherosclerosis.

  • High LDL cholesterol
  • Diabetes mellitus
  • Hypertension
  • Smoking
  • High triglycerides

a) True
b) False

A

a) True

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28
Q

Cholesterol is brought to tissues by HDL.

a) True
b) False

A

b) false

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29
Q

Our body needs —–

a) HDL not LDL
b) HDL and LDL
c) LDL not HDL

A

b) HDL and LDL

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30
Q

Due to endothelial dysfunction, cholesterol LDL is oxidized and deposited on the blood vessel wall as part of the repair process.

a) HDL
b) LDL
c) VLDL
d) IDL
e) Chylomicron

A

b) LDL

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31
Q

All LDL are —–cholesterol.

a) Bad
b) Good
c) Good and could be bad

A

c) Good and could be bad

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32
Q

Cholesterol is needed by many tissues and it is only considered harmful if it is deposited on the blood vessel.

a) True
b) False

A

a) True

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33
Q
  • —– is synthesized by the liver, and —— is synthesized from the GIT.
    a) VLDL
    b) IDL
    c) Chylomicron
    d) LDL
    e) HDL
A

a) VLDL

c) Chylomicron

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34
Q
  • —-synthesized by the liver and —–synthesized from the GIT will be hydrolysed by lipoprotein lipase to release free fatty acid, which will be uptake by the muscle and adipose tissue.
    a) VLDL
    b) IDL
    c) Chylomicron
    d) LDL
    e) HDL
A

a) VLDL

c) Cholymicron

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35
Q

Cells that need lipids (e.g. adipocytes and muscle) will express ———- receptors on its surface.

a) Lipoprotein lipase
b) Cholesterol
c) HDL
d) LDL

A

a) Lipoprotein lipase

36
Q

The product of hydrolysis of chylomicron with lipoprotein is —

a) HDL
b) LDL
c) VLDL
d) Chylomicron remnant
e) Cholesterol

A

d) Chylomicron remnant

37
Q

A decrease in ———– in a certain tissue stimulates lipoprotein lipase synthesis. Accordingly, more lipoproteins bind to this tissue.

a) Carbohydrate
b) Cholesterol
c) Fatty acids
d) Lipids
e) Protein

A

b) Cholesterol

38
Q

Lipoprotein lipase is a glycoprotein that is present on the surface of all cells. Its —-is not good for our health and its —-protect our body against obesity.

a) Excess
b) Deficiency

A

b) deficiency

a) excess

39
Q

LPLD is a rare genetic condition that elevates the levels of fat in the blood.

a) True
b) False

A

a) True

40
Q

Glybera is the first gene therapy to be licensed in Europe as a remedy for lipoprotein lipase deficiency.

a) True
b) False

A

a) True

41
Q 
Which tissue/organ can export cholesterol containing lipoprotein particles independent of HDL uptake?
I.	Adipose tissue
II.	Liver
III.	Mammary glands
IV.	Skeletal muscle
Small intestine

a) I and II
b) I and III
c) II and IV
d) II and V
e) III and IV

A

d) II and V

42
Q

In the —-lipid cycle, apolipoproteins will make —-from the food in the intestine and will distribute it to tissues through blood. These tissues as skeletal muscles and adipose tissues will produce lipoproteins lipase LPL, which will remove —-from chylomicrons and reduce their size. The remnant chylomicron will be removed by the —.

a) Chylomicrons
b) Cholesterols
c) Exogenous
d) TG
e) Liver

A

c) Exogenous
a) Chylomicrons
d) TG
e) Liver

43
Q

In the —-lipid cycle, the —-will produce —-and will transport it through apolipoproteins to the blood stream, where it will be distributed to tissues. These tissues will produce lipoproteins lipase LPL, which will remove triglycerides TG from VLDL and reduce their size to —-then to —-.

a) VLDL
b) IDL
c) Endogenous
d) LDL
e) Liver

A

c) Endogenous
e) Liver
a) VLDL
b) IDL
d) LDL

44
Q

Insulin is known to —LPL in —-and its placement in the capillary endothelium. By contrast, insulin has been shown to —-expression of —-LPL. In muscle and myocardial LPL is instead activated by —-and adrenaline.

a) Activate
b) Adipocytes
c) Decrease
d) Glycogen
e) Muscle

A

a) Activate
b) Adipocytes
c) Decrease
e) Muscle
d) Glycogen

45
Q

Insulin is known to —-LPL secretion in adipocytes.

a) Activate
b) Deactivate

A

a) Activate

46
Q

In case of —-, low insulin doesn’t activate LPL in —-. Accordingly, —–accumulate and deposit in the artery causes —–.

a) Adipocytes
b) Atherosclorosis
c) Diabetes
d) Heart
e) Triglycerides

A

c) Diabetes
a) Adipocytes
e) Triglycerides
b) Atherosclerosis

47
Q

Atherosclerosis occurs in case of diabetes, when there is:

a) High insulin and high lipoprotein lipase
b) High insulin and low lipoprotein lipase
c) Low insulin and low lipoprotein lipase
d) Low insulin and high lipoprotein lipase

A

c) Low insulin and low lipoprotein lipase

48
Q
  • —–mediates binding of LDL to the LDL-receptor.
    a) ABCA1
    b) Apo B100
    c) Apo 48
    d) SRB1
    e) LCAT
A

b) Apo B100

49
Q 
----carries ~ 2/3 of 
Cholesterol in plasma.
a) HDL
b) LDL
c) IDL
d) Lipoprotein lipase
e) Lipoprotein receptors
A

b) LDL

50
Q

Cholesteryl ester is the storage form of cholesterol in the body.

a) True
b) False

A

a) True

51
Q

Cholesteryl ester is formed from cholesterol using LCAT.

a) True
b) False

A

a) True

52
Q

LDL receptor recognizes VLDL, IDL and LDL through their ——–

a) ABCA1
b) Apo B100
c) Apo 48
d) SRB1

A

b) Apo B100

53
Q

Hypercholesterolemia could be regarded to any of the following EXCEPT

a) Mutation in Apo B100
b) Excess production of LDL
c) Mutation in LDL receptor
d) Deficiency in Lipoprotein lipase

A

d) Deficiency in lipoptotein lipase

54
Q

Hypercholesterolemia could be regarded to mutation in

a) Apo B100
b) Apo A-I
c) Apo A-II
d) Apo C-III
e) LPL

A

a) Apo B100

55
Q

After —-state, we expect to see high chylomicrons in the blood.

a) Fasting
b) Feeding

A

b) Feeding

56
Q

In —-state, no chylomicrons is present in the blood.

a) Fasting
b) Feeding

A

a) Fasting

57
Q

Hypercholesteremia means high ——

a) Chylomicron
b) HDL
c) IDL
d) LDL
e) VLDL

A

d) LDL

58
Q

The enzyme HMG-CoA reductase plays a central role in the production of cholesterol.

a) True
b) False

A

a) True

59
Q
  • —or HMG-CoA reductase inhibitors are a class of cholesterol lowering drugs that inhibit the enzyme HMG-CoA reductase which plays a central role in the production of —–and prevent cardiovascular disease.
    a) Cholesterol
    b) Cholesteryl ester
    c) Clathrin
    d) LPL
    e) Statin
A

e) Statin

a) Cholesterol

60
Q

In children inulins are effective at reducing cholesterol levels in those withfamilial hypercholesterolemia.

a) True
b) False

A

b) False

61
Q

Excess cholesterol in the cells stimulates the liver to synthesise —-.

a) HDL
b) LDL
c) IDL
d) VLDL
e) Lipoprotein lipase

A

a) HDL

62
Q

HDL is synthesized by the liver and it picks —– in the cell by interaction with the ATP-binding cassette transporter A1 (ABCA1).

a) Cholesterol
b) Cholesteryl ester

A

a) Cholesterol

63
Q

How does cholesterol bind to HDL?

  • —— activated ———-which phosphorylates the ABC transporters. Phosphorylation induces a conformational change which permits binding of ATP and opening of the channel for cholesterol to bind to ——.
    a) cAMP
    b) HDL
    c) LDL
    d) Protein kinase A
    e) Insulin
A

a) cAMP
d) Protein kinase A
b) HDL

64
Q
  • —————is a protein best known for its role in the direct reverse pathway, facilitating the uptake of Cholesteryl ester-HDL in the —–.
    a) CETP
    b) Extrahepatic cells
    c) Liver
    d) LCAT
    e) Reverse Scavenger (SR-BI)
A

e) Reverse Scavenger (SR-BI)

c) Liver

65
Q

Triglycerides are degraded by hepatic —-so that, finally, small HDL particles are left, which restart the uptake of —– from —.

a) Cholesterol
b) Cholesteryl ester
c) Cells
d) Hydrolase
e) Lipase

A

e) Lipase
a) Cholestrol
c) cells

66
Q

In the reverse —-pathway for HDL to get rid of cholesterol, Cholesteryl ester transfer protein (CETP) exchanges —-in VLDL for the —–in HDL.

a) Cholesterol
b) Cholesteryl ester
c) Triglycerides
d) Direct
e) Indirect

A

e) Indirect
c) Triglycerides
b) cholesteryl ester

67
Q

In the reverse —-pathway for HDL to get rid of cholesterol, LDL excreted its content of cholesterol to the —–via interacting with its LDL receptors.

a) Kidney
b) Liver
c) Direct
d) Indirect

A

d) Indirect

b) Liver

68
Q

The commonly measured lipids in serum are all the following EXCEPT

a) Cholesterol
b) Chylomicron
c) HDL
d) LDL
e) Triglycerides

A

b) Chylomicron

69
Q

VLDL-c is estimated to be equal to —— in mmol/L

a) Triglyceride/2
b) Triglyceride/3
c) Triglyceride/4
d) Triglyceride/5
e) Triglyceride/6

A

d) Triglyceride/5

70
Q

VLDL-c is estimated to be equal to —— in mg/dL

a) Triglyceride/1.17
b) Triglyceride/2.17
c) Triglyceride/3.17
d) Triglyceride/5
e) Triglyceride/5.17

A

b) Triglyceride/2.17

71
Q

Given a serum HDL-C of 0.8 mmol/L, a total cholesterol of 6.0 mmol/L and a Triglyceride of 5.5 mmol/L, what is the most likely calculated LDL-C by the Friedwald formula?

a) 3.0 mmol/L
b) Not valid
c) 4.5 mmol/L
d) 5.0 mmol/L
e) 5.5 mmol/L

A

b) Not valid

72
Q

Friedewald equation can estimate the value of

a) Cholesterol
b) HDL
c) LDL
d) Triglycerides

A

c) LDL

73
Q

Given a serum HDL-C of 1.5 mmol/L, a total cholesterol of 6.0 mmol/L and a Trigyceride of 1.0 mmol/L, what is the most likely calculated LDL-C by the Friedewald formula?

a) 3.0 mmol/L
b) 4.0 mmol/L
c) 4.5 mmol/L
d) 5.0 mmol/L
e) 5.5 mmol/L

A

b) 4.0 mmol/L

74
Q

According to Friedewald equation, the equation is not valid if

a) Cholesterol > 4.5 mmol/L
b) Chylomicron > 4.5 mmol/L
c) HDL > 4.5 mmol/L
d) LDL > 4.5 mmol/L
e) Triglycerides > 4.5 mmol/L

A

e) Triglycerides > 4.5 mmol/L

75
Q

The Friedewald formula has the following limitations EXCEPT

a) When chylomicrons are present
b) When plasma TG concentration exceeds 400 mg/dL (4.52 mmol/L)
c) In patients with type III hyperlipoproteinemia
d) When measured in fasting state

A

d) When measured in fasting state

76
Q

Hyperlipidemia is measured in the —– state.

a) Feeding
b) Fasting

A

b) Fasting

77
Q

Hyperlipidaemias are abnormally elevated levels of any or all——-or———in theblood or both in ————————.

a) Combined hyperlipidaemia
b) Lipids
c) Lipoproteins

A

b) lipids
c) Lipoproteins
a) Combined hyperlipidaemia

78
Q

Hyperlipidaemia is the term used due to high concentration of plasma ——-.

a) Cholesterol
b) Chylomicron
c) HDL
d) LDL
e) Triglycerides

A

e) triglycerides

79
Q

A disorder in lipoprotein metabolism is considered as a —-cause of hyperlipidemia, whereas, diabetes is considered as a —–cause of hyperlipidemia.

a) Primary
b) Secondary

A

a) Primary

b) Secondary

80
Q

A patient with familial hypercholesterolemia could be the result of a deficiency in —-. Thus the cells do not absorb —–and it will be high in plasma.

a) LDL
b) LDL receptor
c) HDL
d) HDL receptor

A

b) LDL receptor

a) LDL

81
Q

A patient with familial hypercholesterolemia could be the result of a high synthesis of LDL.

a) True
b) False

A

a) True

82
Q

A patient with familial hypercholesterolemia could be the result of a normal synthesis of LDL, but lack of LDL receptors.

a) True
b) False

A

a) True

83
Q

A patient with familial hypertriglyceridemia could be the result of a deficiency in —–. Thus the triglycerides won’t get hydrolysed and it will be high in plasma.

a) LDL
b) LDL receptor
c) Lipoprotein lipase
d) HDL receptor

A

c) Lipoprotein Lipase

84
Q

A patient with combined ——– has elevated levels of serum cholesterol and triglycerides.

a) Hypercholestrolemia
b) Hyperlipoproteinemia
c) Hyperglycemia
d) Familial hypercholestrlemia

A

b) Hyperlipoproteinemia

85
Q

A patient with Tangier disease is expected to have ——–

a) Hypercholestrolemia
b) Hypolipoproteinemia
c) Hyperglycemia
d) Familial hypercholestrlemia

A

b) Hypoliporoteinemia

86
Q

A patient with Tangier disease is expected to have absence of the transporter —-, thus, accumulation of cholesterol in the cell, and consequently, low cholesterol and —–in the serum.

a) ABCA1 transporter
b) Cholesterol
c) HDL

A

a) ABCA1 transporter

c) HDL

87
Q

Diagnosis of dyslipidemia is dependent upon the measurement of the following EXCEPT:

a) Chylomicron
b) HDL
c) LDL
d) Tg
e) Total cholesterol

A

a) Chylomircon

Foundations of Clinical Biochemistry (Weeks 10 - 14 content) (5 decks)

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