Week 14-15: Understanding data and ways to systematically collect data

Question 1

what researchers are searching for. They are subjected to analysis, statistical procedures, and interpretation so that inferences, principles and generalizations are drawn.

Answer 1

data

Question 2

basically a research plan similar to a blue print which serves as a guide in conducting a study. Some describe it as the overall strategy that a researcher chooses to incorporate the different components his/her study. It is written in a coherent and logical way to ensure that the research problem will effectively be addressed

Answer 2

research design

Question 3

Five Approaches of Qualitative Research Design according to Creswell:

Answer 3

1. Narrative Research
2. Phenomenological Research
3. Grounded Theory Research
4. Ethnographic Research
5. Action Research

Question 4

The procedures for implementing this research consist of focusing on studying one or two individuals, gathering data through the collection of their stories, reporting individual experiences, and chronologically ordering the meaning of those experiences.

Answer 4

Narrative research

Question 5

Types of Narratives:

Answer 5

1. Biographical study
2. Autoethnography
3. life history
4. oral history

Question 6

when the researcher writes and records the experiences of another person’s life

Answer 6

Biographical study

Question 7

written and recorded by the individuals who are subject of the study (Ellis; Muncey, in Creswell, 2013). It contains the personal story of the author as well as the larger cultural meaning for the individual’s story.

Answer 7

Autoethnography

Question 8

portrays an individual’s entire life, while a personal experience story is a narrative study of an individual’s personal experience found in single or multiple episodes, private situations, or communal folklore

Answer 8

life history

Question 9

consists of gathering personal reflections of events and their causes and effects from one individual to several individuals

Answer 9

oral history

Question 10

It describes a common meaning for several individuals of their lived experiences of a concept or a phenomenon. The researcher then collects data from the persons who have experienced the phenomenon (i.e. insomnia, anger, undergoing organ transplant), and develops a composite description of the essence of the experience for all the individuals.

Answer 10

Phenomenological Research

Question 11

Its intention is to move beyond description and to generate or discover a theory, a “unified theoretical explanation” (Corbin & Strauss, in Creswell, 2013) for a process or an action. The researcher generates a general explanation (a theory) of a process, and action, or an interaction shaped by the views of a large number of participants.

Answer 11

Grounded Theory Research

Question 12

An ethnography focuses on an entire culture-sharing group. Typically, it involves many people who interact over time (such as teachers in an entire school or a community social work group).

Answer 12

Ethnographic Research

Question 13

It seeks action to improve practice and study the effects of the action that was taken (Streubert & Carpenter, in Nieswiadomy, 2008). Solutions are sought to address problems in a particular setting.

Answer 13

Action Research

Question 14

a representative of the population, that is, the characteristics of the sample are characteristics of the population.

Answer 14

sample

Question 15

the entire group of elements that you would like to study.

Answer 15

study population

Question 16

a list of all elements in a study population

Answer 16

sampling frame

Question 17

the thing (person, place, event, etc.) that is selected for inclusion in the study.

Answer 17

sampling unit

Question 18

The researcher records the events that he/she has seen. He/She focuses on respondents to capture a particular aspect of their behavior. He/She may or may not directly participate in the activities of the research investigation. He/She may or may not have any background

Answer 18

Observation

Question 19

Data Collection Procedure in Qualitative Research

Answer 19

1. Observation
2. Interview
3. Documentary Analysis
4. Focus Group Discussion (FGD)
5. Visual Data

Question 20

The researcher asks a set of well-constructed questions and may even make follow up questions to gather the necessary data. He/She establishes rapport in a face-to-face interview to yield highest response rate. He/She resorts to telephone interview when less time and less expenses are being considered

Answer 20

Interview

Question 21

The researcher uses existing or available information such as health records or reports and other documents of organization or institution

Answer 21

Documentary Analysis

Question 22

The researcher obtains in-depth information on concepts, perceptions, and ideas of a group. He/She facilitates the group members discussing the topic among themselves

Answer 22

Focus Group Discussion (FGD)

Question 23

They refer to the recording, analysis and communication of social life through photographs, films, and videos (Harper, in Boeije, 2010). The choice of this method is most useful when observing spaces, places, the environment, and objects. The same applies when photography or video is used to collect data, for example everyday life of community members, like video-taping a playground in a school for the deaf to learn about hearing-impaired culture (Alexander, in Boeije, 2010)

Answer 23

Visual data

Question 24

Four Broad Types of Qualitative Analytic Approaches:

Answer 24

1. Iterative/hermeneutic approach
2. Subjective approach
3. Investigative semiotic approach
4. Enumerative approach

Question 25

involves seeking meaning and developing interpretive explanation through the process of feedback.

Answer 25

Iterative/hermeneutic approach

Question 26

focused on the researcher, and what takes place within his/her own thoughts and actions in specified context.

Answer 26

Subjective approach

Question 27

involves the uncovering information relating to languages within cultural contexts.

Answer 27

Investigative semiotic approach

Question 28

involves listing or classifying of items by percentages, frequencies, ranked order, or whatever is useful to the research question.

Answer 28

Enumerative approach

Question 29

Stages of Interview/ Observational Data for Analysis:

Answer 29

1. Transcription of data
2. Preliminary data analysis
3. Face sheets

Question 30

It involves getting the dialogue or narrative of the devices on which the researcher has recorded it and into a document so there is a clear researcher defined column for notes, as seen below

Answer 30

Transcription of data

Question 31

It is an ongoing process that is undertaken every time data is collected. It involves a simple process of checking and tracking the data to see what is coming out of it, identifying areas that require follow up and actively questioning where the information collected is leading/ should lead the researcher.

Answer 31

Preliminary data analysis

Question 32

This is a cover sheet that is attached to the front of the data transcription and identifies the study question, time and place of interview/observation and summarizes the main outcomes for the preliminary analysis.

Answer 32

face sheets