Week 13 - Technology and Universal Design

Question 1

What is the Architectural Barriers Act? (1968)

Answer 1

Requires all buildings designed, constructed, altered, or leased with federal funds to be accessible

Question 2

Which legislation guaranteed a free, appropriate education to all children with disabilities?

Answer 2

Education for Handicapped Children Act (1975) –> very similar to the IDEA Act that is more recent

Question 3

What is the Americans with Disabilities Act (ADA) of 1990?

Answer 3

Prohibited discrimination in employment, access to places of public accommodation, services, programs, public transportation, and telecommunications

Question 4

True or False: the Rehabilitation Act of 1973 (Section 504) made it illegal to discriminate based on disability, as long as it applied to federal agencies, public universities, federal contractors, and any other institutions or activities receiving federal funds.

Answer 4

True

Question 5

What is the Fair Housing Amendments Act?

Answer 5

Expanded coverage to include families with children and disabilities in having housing opportunities

Question 6

What is the definition of universal designs, as per Ron Mace in 1997?

Answer 6

Design of products and environments to be usable by all people, to the greatest extent possible, without the need for adaptation or specialized design

Question 7

Name the 7 principles of this 1997 version of universal design.

Answer 7

1 - Equitable Use
2 - Flexibility in Use
3 - Simple and Intuitive Use
4 - Perceptible Information
5 - Tolerance for Error
6 - Low Physical Effort
7 - Size and Space for Approach and Use

Question 8

What is the definition of universal designs, as per Steinfeld and Maisel in 2012?

Answer 8

A process that enables and empowers a diverse population by improving human performance, health and wellness, and social participation.

Question 9

What are the 8 principles of this 2012 version of universal design?

Answer 9

1 - Body Fit
2 - Comfort
3 - Awareness
4 - Understanding
5 - Wellness
6 - Social Integration
7 - Personalization
8 - Cultural Appropriateness

Question 10

What is one concept that was discussed as important to universal design in practice?

Answer 10

Context! –> How the design affects the immediate surrounding, people, etc.

Question 11

What are the benefits of creating a curriculum with universal design in mind?

Answer 11

Multiple means of: 1) representation, 2) expression, and 3) engagement.

Question 12

What are the 3 overall goals of universal design, as per Dr. Adley Chan?

Answer 12

1 - A design framework/philosophy
2 - Helping people “live life to the fullest”
3 - User friendly and inclusive design

Question 13

Define presbyopia. Is it progressive? When is starting age usually?

Answer 13

• Loss of elasticity in ciliary muscle and suspensory ligament, resulting in difficulty with near vision (you need to hold things farther away to see)
• Progressive
• Starts around 40-50

Question 14

Define cataracts. Is it correctable? Is it covered by insurance?

Answer 14

• build-up of proteins leading to cloudiness, blurriness, faded colors, and halos of light
• correctable via surgery
• covered by insurance usually
• -> twinkle in the eye post-surgery (like cats)

Question 15

Define age-related macular degeneration. What are the two types? What are some possible causes?

Answer 15

• macula = central vision and seeing details sharply.
  Dry = thinning, white/yellow deposits of fatty protein, resulting in fuzzy vision
  Wet = growth of abnormal blood vessels, resulting in white-out or dark blurriness in central vision –> straight lines looking wavy
  Possible causes = exposure to sun, genetics, nutritional deficits

Question 16

Define glaucoma.

Answer 16

• build-up of excess fluid that leads to pressure on the optic nerve, leading to peripheral blindness and tunnel vision

Question 17

Which race is predominantly affected with glaucoma?

Answer 17

African Americans

Question 18

Define diabetic retinopathy.

Answer 18

• Uncontrolled diabetes that leads to damaged retinal capillaries, leaking fluids into macula, poor blow flow, growing blood vessels, & hemorrhaging blood vessels –> resulting in decreased near and far vision, and scotomas in vision

Question 19

True or false: Diabetic retinopathy that is associated with people with type II diabetes is usually proliferative.

Answer 19

False - it is usually non-proliferative.

Question 20

What is the one of the best ways to push off diabetic retinopathy from occurring?

Answer 20

• Reduce glucose (but people often still experience it)

Question 21

What are exudates?

Answer 21

• Massive cells that leak (probably won’t be so specific on the exam, but I didn’t know the vocab)

Question 22

What are some things that increase risk of getting diabetic retinopathy (aside from diabetes)?

Answer 22

Pregnant people, smoking, blood pressure

Question 23

Define presbycusis. What are the two types of losses?

Answer 23

• Progressive deterioration of hearing associated with aging mainly involving higher frequencies
  Conductive loss = blockages (e.g. earwax), infections
  Sensorineural loss = loud environments, head trauma, medications, tumors, HTN, and diabetes –> damage to auditory-vestibular nerve

Question 24

Define tinnitus. What % of people have it? Which gender is affected more?

Answer 24

• Ringing in the ears; 15% of general public have it; men more commonly affected than women.

Question 25

Define assistive technology devices.

Answer 25

Any item, piece of equipment or product system whether acquired commercially off the shelf, modified, or customized that is used to increase, maintain or improve functional capabilities of individuals with disabilities

Question 26

Define assistive technology services.

Answer 26

Any service that directly assists an individual with a disability in the selection, acquisition, or use of an assistive technology device

Question 27

Name some optical aids. What are some disadvantages?

Answer 27

Handheld magnifier, stand magnifier, field expander, telescopes
- easily lost, social implications, not hands-free, decreases how much you can see at once, cannot use while driving

Question 28

Name some nonoptical aids.

Answer 28

Enlarged print, high-intensity lamps, high contrast objects (colors, items, etc.)

Question 29

Name some electronic aids. What might you need to do as an OT with electronic aids? Any disadvantages?

Answer 29

CCTV, computers, electronic magnifiers

- may need to teach them, can be expensive, most likely immobile

Question 30

What are some alternative pathways to using vision?

Answer 30

1 - automatic reading of texts

2 - brail (the dots you can feel)

Question 31

Name the different types of hearing aids.

Answer 31

1 - Completely in the Canal (CIC)
2 - In the canal (ITC)
3 - In the Ear (ITE)
4 - Behind the Ear (BTE)

Question 32

Name some hearing loss ATs. Name some disadvantages.

Answer 32

TTY/TDD, relay services (can be difficult with more intimate conversations, may take a while to complete), closed captioning, assistive listening devices (amplification), alerting devices (vibrations)

Question 33

What are some important features/considerations for older adults when it comes to technology?

Answer 33

1 - easy to use
2 - meaningful/purposeful
3 - social support
4 - economical
5 - available training
6 - privacy

Question 34

What are some important features/considerations for clinicians when it comes to technology prescription?

Answer 34

1 - customizable reports
2 - tailored information to the patient
3 - practicality
4 - cost
5 - clinically valuable information
6 - more care vs. less care

Question 35

What are some perks of smartphone use?

Answer 35

Only 33% use smart phones, but can help them with reminders, apps that can do a lot of things that don’t require them to show up in person
REMEMBER - NEED TRAINING!

Question 36

How can computer games help older adults in terms of technology?

Answer 36

Relaxation and entertainment, improved quality of life from socialization, and sharpening the mind and body