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Addiction > Week 13 Personality 2 > Flashcards

Week 13 Personality 2 Flashcards

1
Q

Is projection idiographic or nomothetic?

A

idiographic

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2
Q

What do projective techniques assume?

A

that the client will project his/her characteristic thoughts, feelings etc. onto the material

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3
Q

What is the Freudian definition of projection?

A

unconscious defense against unacceptable impulses in self by ascribing them to individuals or objects external to self

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4
Q

What type of stimuli do projective techniques use?

A

ambiguous

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5
Q

What are the two stages of the projective hypothesis

A
  1. perception - what the person responds to

2. interpretation - how the person responds (the examiner examines responses for clues as to personality)

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6
Q

What is the general definition of projection?

A

normal processes in which inner states influence perception and interpretation of the external world

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7
Q

What type of theoretical development influenced the birth of the projective techniques?

A

psychoanalytic theories- they required tapping into the unconscious : Gestalt/holistic theories

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8
Q

What development of two traditions influenced the birth of the projective techniques?

A

psychometric vs clinical traditions.
Psychometric- standardized, reliability + characteristics, search for traits
Clinical- careful, detailed study of the individual, focus on disturbed individual

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9
Q

What do all projective techniques have in common? (5)

A
  • stimuli are vague/ambiguous. Only brief general instructions are given
  • unstructured task: unlimited variety of possible responses
  • use disguised testing procedures
  • global approach to assessment of personality
  • primarily used as a clinical tool
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10
Q

What are the supposed advantages of projective techniques over self-report tests?

A
  • bypass/circumvent conscious defenses of respondents

- allow clinicians access to important psych info. that respondents are unaware

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11
Q

What are four examples of projective techniques?

A
  • inkblots (The Rorschach)
  • Pictorial techniques (Thematic Apperception Test)
  • Verbal techniques (word association tests)
  • Performance techniques (drawing techniques, play techniques + toy tests)
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12
Q

What type of technique, (other than projective) is the Rorshach inkblot test?

A

association technique- the stimulus triggers an association between it and concepts, memories, already held

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13
Q

What does Rorschach use?

A

10 symmetrical inkblots on separate cards, 5 black and white, 2 contain red, 3 combine pastel shades

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14
Q

What are the two phases of the Rorschach test?

A
  1. association

2. inquiry (why and how the respondent answered the way they did)

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15
Q

What type of need was the Rorschach founded for?

A

the need to distinguish between normal and abnormal, between delusional and non-delusional

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16
Q

What are the two main approaches to score the Rorschach test?

A
  1. perceptual-cognitive processes

2. phenomenological (responses are fantasies-they reveal what the individual would like to see within themselves)

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17
Q

What are the common scoring categories for the Rorschach test?

A

location- where in the inkblot they look to
determinants- features of the blot that determine the response
content- does the content refer to humans, animals etc.

18
Q

Discuss Exner’s comprehensive system

A
  • It criticized the disparate approach to the Rorschach

- advocated for standardized administration, scoring + interpretation

19
Q

What is the problem with Exner’s comprehensive system?

A

it is just a scoring system, it still doesn’t tell you how to interpret the responses

20
Q

What are criticisms re norms of Exner’s comprehensive system?

A
  • over-pathologising normal US adults

- insufficient representation of minorities

21
Q

What are the positives/criticisms re reliability of Exner’s comprehensive system?

A
  • adequate scorer reliability: Exner included no categories where interscorer reliability was less than .85
  • test-retest reliability of coring ranged from .3-.9 (adequate is .8)-also only calculated for 40% of variables
22
Q

What has been found re validity of Exner’s comprehensive system?

A

recent meta-analysis found that 40 variables had good to excellent support for their validity, whilst 13 had little to none

23
Q

Discuss the Thematic Apperception Test

A
  • contain pictures rather than inkblots
  • two 1 hour session with 10 cards in each session
  • construction technique: respondents construct a story, require complex cognitive activities
24
Q

How do individuals chose what stimuli they use in the TAT?

A

choose what is of interest to them

25
Q

What do the individuals describe when telling the story in the TAT?

A

what led up to the picture, what the character is thinking/feeling etc, the outcome of the story

26
Q

What does the original interpretation technique proposed by Murray for the TAT focus on?

A

content analysis

27
Q

What are the three elements of content analysis (interpretation technique) for the TAT? & what do they mean

A
  1. hero- who the individual has identified him/herself with in the stimulus
  2. needs- forces which organize perception/thought and action to resolve unsatisfactory situations e.g. achievement
  3. press
28
Q

What scoring procedures are used for the TAT

A

a wide variety, lack of standardization. There is some normative info available but not really bc psychologists often use subjective norms to interpret the data

29
Q

What are three things that influence the validity of the TAT?

A
  1. non-personality variables can influence the response/length of stories are told e.g. personal/situational variables
  2. impact of fantasy on interpreting themes- individual may be talking about something in the story bc they are fantasizing about it rather than that attribute being part of their personality
  3. interpreters tend to over-pathologise
30
Q

What are need-based scoring schemes for the TAT

A

focus on one-need of the individual e.g. need for achievement- McClelland et al. (1953)

31
Q

What is the reliability for need-based scoring schemes TAT

A

scorer reliability .8-.9
Internal consistency: rarely exceeds .3 to .4
test-retest generally .30

32
Q

Discuss validity of need-based scorings schemes TAT

A

construct validity is questionable

33
Q

Discuss sentence completion tests generally

A
  • better at assessing attitudes, motives and conflicts rather than the general structure of personality
  • respondents are provided with an opening part of a sentence (stem) and are asked to complete it
  • are usually formulated to elicit responses relevant to a personality domain
  • can focus on single or multiple variable
34
Q

Discuss Rotter Incomplete Sentences Blank test

A
  • tests personal adjustment or emotional stability (neuroticism)
  • 40 sentence stems
  • each completion rated on a 7-point scale (1=no-maladjustment, 6= a lot of maladjustment)
35
Q

What is the reliability of the Rotter Incomplete Sentences Blank test?

A
  • good test-retest reliability
  • good scorer reliability
  • pretty good coefficient alpha
36
Q

What is the validity of the Rotter Incomplete Blank test?

A

very little evidence available

37
Q

Discuss Draw-a-Person Tests in general

A

ask respondent to draw one or more people

administered and scored relatively quickly

38
Q

Discuss Machover draw-a-person test

A

a sign approach- draws inferences from isolated features of the drawings- NO EVIDENCE TO SUPPORT THIS WHATSOEVER

39
Q

Discuss Koppitz draw-a-person test

A
  • a global approach for children and adolescents
  • 30 emotional indicators that distinguish b/w children with/without emotional probs
  • comes to a maladjustment score, but not diagnostic
40
Q

Discuss norms for the Draw-a-person technique

A

some norms available

41
Q

What is the reliability for draw-a-person technique

A

scorer reliability- mostly above .70
test-retest- bad for specific features, good for global features
internal- moderate to acceptable

42
Q

Discuss validity for draw-a-person technique

A
  • lots of research on validity
  • conclusion is that it has negligible validity
  • some evidence for modest validity re global scoring approaches
  • questionable construct validity- open to influence of situational variable

Addiction (7 decks)

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