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L3 Plant Sciences > Week 13 L2: Plant Development General Principles > Flashcards

Week 13 L2: Plant Development General Principles Flashcards

1
Q

What is the architecture of a plant?

A

How a plant is put together

form number and arrangement of plant body parts

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2
Q

How does architecture vary?

A

within and between species

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3
Q

How do cells achieve their specialised fates?

A

differential gene expression underlies development

genes are expressed differently; how where and when genes are expressed.

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4
Q

What 2 factors can dictate gene expression?

A

genetics and environment

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5
Q

How do animals grow and develop?

A

develop most of their bodies after embryogenesis
Plants all start off looking similar but eventually differentiate form one another

post-embryonically. growth and organogenesis.

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6
Q

What gives rise to the complete adult organism?

A

pocket of stem cells in the shoot and root tips

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7
Q

What do seedling emerge with?

A

embryonic stem (hypocotyl)
embryonic root
embryonic leaves (cotyledons)
Shoot and root tips

and a sense of polarity

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8
Q

What gives plants the initial photosynthesis?

A

embryonic leaves on the apical axis

called cotyledons

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9
Q

How many cells give rise to arial development?

A

35 stem cells in the shoot tip

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10
Q

What are the cells called that can divide and differentiate in the shoot and root tip?

A

meristems

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11
Q

What are meristems?

A

regions of unspecialised cells in plants that are capable of cell division

Packet of dividing stem cells which fuel the growing plant body

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12
Q

Where are meristems found?

A

root and shoot tips and between xylem and phloem

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13
Q

What do the meristems produce?

A

phytomers a module

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14
Q

Do meristems continually and sequentially produce phytomers?

A

YES

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15
Q

What is a phytomer?

A

one of the individual structural units that in serial arrangement make up the body of a plant a bud-bearing node is a typical phytomer.

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16
Q

What are the components of a phytomer?

A

lateral organ
axillary bud
internode
node

17
Q

Can plants of the same species have different number of modules?

A

YES, plants which are genetically identical can have an intermediate amount of modules depending on their environmental control e.g. sunlight

18
Q

What are the traits that can develop according to enviroment?

A

Plasticity

19
Q

What is an example of plasticity/plastic response?

A

A plant maximising its leaf surface area in shade to maximise sun exposure and photosynthesis

20
Q

Why is plasticity important for plants?

A

they cant move, so need to be able to adapt to environment.

Plant’s offspring can be not near their mother so cannot determine its exact environment so need plasticity.

21
Q

Is plasticity genetically determined?

A

YES, the plant species has to have the ability to change its phenotype. e.g some plants cannot adapt to light conditions

Within a species there will be specific aspect of that development that is plastic

22
Q

What is it called when genes are unable to be plastic in a certain environment?

A

CANALISED

23
Q

What is an example of a canalised trait?

A

Arabadopsis always has 4 petals no matter the environment

very little plasticity in the floral programme

24
Q

Why is flowering usually canalised?

A

because the flowers architecture is really beneficial to the plant.

It is usually co-evolved with a certain pollinator and you don’t want to suddenly change the architecture and plant will not receive the correct pollinator.

25
Q

Do plants always canalise the same?

A

NO, it depends on the species

26
Q

What is the prymordia?

A

earliest stages of development
called primordial cells

e.g. buds on a stem blossom to flowers

27
Q

When are meristems formed?

A

during embryogenesis and then produce lateral structures

28
Q

What are lateral structures?

A

leaves and branches

29
Q

What is the purpose of meristem zones?

A

predict how cells within them are going to behave

30
Q

What are the 3 zones of the meristem at the shoot tip?

A

central zone
peripheral zone
rib meristem

31
Q

What are cells like in the central zone of the meristem?

A

pool of undifferentiated stem cells. cells divide slowly

32
Q

What are cells like in the peripheral zone?

A

proliferate faster and differentiate into lateral organs.

33
Q

What are cells in the rib meristem doing?

A

proliferate and differentiate into the stem in dicots. stem art of the phytomer

34
Q

How do cells enter the peripheral zone in the meristem?

A

As cells divide they push the outer cels out towards the peripheral zone.

They are pushed into position by division and cell growth.

35
Q

What determines the cells fate in plants?

A

their position

L3 Plant Sciences (17 decks)

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