Week 13 Flashcards
What is research literacy?
The process to develop skills and capacity to become evidence-based practitioners capable of making evidence-informed decisions to provide relevant care.
What is knowledge translation?
Translating research into practice and policy.
List the 5 step model to research.
- Translation of uncertainty to an answerable question
- Search for and retrieval of evidence
- Critical appraisal of evidence for validity, clinical relevance and applicability
- Application of appraised evidence to practice and relevant implementation
- Evaluation of performance and effectiveness
Patient-centred model of care is informed by?
- current research evidence
- preferences of patient and family
- knowledge and experience of healthcare providers
Qualitative knowledge: A. Builds a picture of understanding B. Analyses predictive factors C. Provides opportunity for generalisation and inference D. Is reliant primarily on numbers
Qualitative knowledge: A. Builds a picture of understanding* B. Analyses predictive factors C. Provides opportunity for generalisation and inference D. Is reliant primarily on numbers
In qualitative data collection, the aim is to:
A. Determine the true meaning of phenomenon
B. Predict variables in similar samples of the population
C. Objectively recruit participants with an equal chance of selection
D. Identify themes comprised if similar significant statements
In qualitative data collection, the aim is to:
A. Determine the true meaning of phenomenon*
B. Predict variables in similar samples of the population
C. Objectively recruit participants with an equal chance of selection
D. Identify themes comprised if similar significant statements
Evidence-based practice is the?
A. Conscious and intentful use of research and theory based information to make decisions about patient care delivery
What is accepted as the main means for understanding other’s experience of phenomena?
B. Language
Ethnography has its origins in?
Anthropology
The results section in a research paper?
Summarise the specific information gathered in the study
The most commonly occurring value or score in the data is called the?
Mode
Evidence-based practice is a quality improvement process because?
Evidence- based practice is a key factor contributing to accountability and benchmarking
The characteristics of a literature review include:
i. Evidence of a comprehensive search of literature.
ii. A review of mainly secondary sources of literature.
iii. Summaries are succinct, with minimal direct quotes.
iv. A logical flow using themes or categories.
i, iii and iv
A Longitudinal design?
Collects data over time
The qualitative researcher uses pseudonyms when quoting participants narratives in published studies, meeting the requirement for?
Respect for privacy.
The ethical principle that all participants have the right to be treated fairly and with respect and courtesy at every stage of the research process, is an example of the application of?
Justice.
Clinical governance means that quality monitoring and improvement are?
The responsibility of every health professional
A researcher wants to find out whether tobacco and alcohol use have an effect on the length of hospital stay of orthopaedic surgical patients. The most appropriate type of design would be?
Correlational
The middle score of a range of scores is called the?
Median
Ethnographic research approaches are committed to?
Exploration of social and cultural settings
Data are?
Numbers or words
The aim of the clinical audit is to?
Improve patient outcomes
A normal curve shows?
A distribution where few values are either low or high and most are in the middle
In quantitative research the purpose sampling is to?
Generalize the findings to the population
Qualitative research is interested in questions that involve?
Consciousness and subjectivity
In an article that reports a research study, a limitation is something that?
Causes uncertainty or imposes limits when interpreting findings
Adequate sample size for an interventional study is based on?
Desired power and significance of the study
The goal of sampling in quantitative research that seeks to obtain generalizable findings is obtain?
A representation sample of a size that is determined using a power analysis before commencing the study
Explain how researchers ensure validity in quantitative research.
Efficient/ appropriate sampling and data collection
Describe four ways in which researchers might ensure trustworthiness/ rigor of qualitative research.
- Audit trails
- Member checks
- Triangulation
- Immersion in research
Describe the process and purpose of triangulation
Use of several methods of data collections to ensure trustworthiness of results, e.g. In depth interviews and focus groups and diaries.
(The process of integrating the results from multiple sources of data or research methods in the same study)
Describe four qualitative data collection methods
- In-depth interviews
- Focus groups
- Secondary data/ document review: diaries, written accounts of past events, photographs
- Observations
Describe three quantitative data collection methods
- Experiments/ clinical trials
- Observations
- Surveys/ questionnaires
Define evidence based nursing practice
When nurses make, clinical decisions using the best available research evidence, their clinical expertise and patient preferences in context of existing resources
The abstract of a research report usually includes what MAJOR sections?
Introduction: background including literature review. Research question/ aims/ hypotheses.
Methods: design, sampling, data collection and analysis.
Results: statistical analysis/ qualitative analysis.
Discussion: what the results mean- in context of previous studies, limitations, implications for practice
define Independent Variable
- Manipulated variable (cause)
- Used to predict outcome of interest i.e. dependant variable
define briefly Dependant Variable.
- Measured variable (effect)
- Consequence/ presumed effect that changes with change in independent variable
Define reliability
- a measure can be relied upon consistently to give the same result if the aspect being measured has not changed.
- The degree of consistency or dependability with which an instrument measures the attribute it is intended to measure
Define validity.
- how accurately the measure yields information about the true or real variable being measured.
- The degree to which a measurement instrument measures what it is intended to measure
Define Research Hypothesis
A precise statement about the research question the study will be designed to answer. It must be plausible and falsifiable
Define Null Hypothesis.
when the literature and the researcher believe, there will be no difference between the groups receiving the intervention
State the four major ethical considerations for a researcher when conducting a study?
- Ethics committee approval
- Informed consent
- Balance of risk and benefit
- Protect rights of participants
Define Systematic review
- Summary of findings of similar studies, having similar hypotheses/ research questions and methods
- A method used to review the existing literature on a particular question, by identifying appraising selecting and synthesising all high- quality research evidence relevant to that question
Define Meta-analysis
- Uses a statistical process to synthesise relevant findings to draw a conclusion (quantitative studies only).
- Is used when reviewing studies testing interventions.
- A statistical method used to combine the results of several studies that address a set of related research hypotheses
Define Meta-synthesis
- Involves analysis of several qualitative studies and provides summary of findings.
- A qualitative approach for drawing inferences from similar or related studies, identifying key features and presenting findings representative of all data
Name two major resources for nurses to access these in the clinical area.
- Joanna Brigs Institute
- Cochrane Library
- PubMed,
- Cinhal
What are the independent and dependant variables?
- Independent variable is the variable expected to cause or influence the dependant variable. In an experimental study, researchers manipulate this independent variable.
- Dependant variable, the outcome variable that is thought to depend on or be caused by another variable, the independent variable
What is the P value? What does this mean/ tell you when reading a research article?
- The probability of obtaining the value of the test statistic in the fact there is no relationship between dependant and independent variable.
- The P-value gives the probability of obtaining in a sample a difference as large as the actually observed one if in reality there is no such difference. Thus, the P-value is the probability that an observed difference is attributable to chance alone
What is the level of significance (alpha value)?
Probability that our statistical test will reject a true null hypothesis- i.e. will conclude that there is no relationship between dependant and independent variables when in fact there is no relationship
What is the standard deviation?
A measure of average deviation or distance of each score from the group mean in a normal distribution
What is the difference between statistical and clinical significance?
- Statistically significant test means we can reject H with only a 5% or less chance of being wrong.
- Clinical significance depends on the effect size i.e. the strength of relationship between the dependant and independent variables. For a finding to be clinically significant, it should be statically significant and have an appropriate effect size.
what does PICO(T) stand for and why do we use it?
P: Population I: Intervention C: Comparison O: Outcome T: Time -Use to formulate answerable clinical questions and help direct search for evidence
What do the acronym CRAAP stand for?
C: Currency R: Relevance A: Authority A: Accuracy P: Purpose
What do the acronym CASP stand for?
C: Critical
A: Appraisal
S: Skills
P: Programme
Why are CRAAP and CASP useful?
Allow effective and efficient evaluation of websites, journal articles and systematic reviews
