WEEK 12B

Question 1

what are the main types of non-reactive qualitative research?

Answer 1

historical research, content analysis, discourse analysis, critical discourse analysis

Question 2

what are the main characteristics of historical research?

Answer 2

1. Addressing ‘BIG’ questions -social structure, social movement & changes over time
2. Gathering the evidence (archival research)
3. Interpreting the evidence-varies from one to another (involving subjectivity)-multiple readings of the same historical event

Question 3

what are the steps of historical research?

Answer 3

1. Historical data collection(a particular event or multiple events)
2. Theoretical Orientation(Structural Functionalist, Marxist, Feminist)
   - People have different theoretical orientation, these are like filters for interpretations of events
3. Different Interpretations of Historical Events

Question 4

Is there on truth in historical research?

Answer 4

• Historical reality is socially constructed due to different theoretical positions taken
• Historical realities can be compared and contrasted
• There may be multiple truths Contesting one universal truth
  ex. tianmen square massacre, Some people say chinese were fighting fro democracy
  Some call it tragedy

Question 5

how is the past reconstructed in historical research?

Answer 5

A researcher reconstructs what occurred in the past from the evidence
-re-telling a story with a particular viewpoint

Question 6

what does the quality of data depend on in historical research?

Answer 6

Quality of research depends on the survival of data from the past (e.g., letters & newspapers)

Question 7

what is the challenge of historical research?

Answer 7

researcher requires prior knowledge of the past event or other cultures

Question 8

what are the main types of historical evidence?

Answer 8

Primary Sources, Secondary Sources, Existing Records, Recollections

Question 9

Explain historical evidence type: primary sources

Answer 9

-first-hand information -letters, diaries, newspapers, movies, novels

Question 10

Explain historical evidence type: secondary sources

Answer 10

-writing of historians who specialize in the study of a particular historical event (reading someone’s interpretation)

Question 11

Explain historical evidence type: existing records

Answer 11

statistical documents (old census data)

Question 12

Explain historical evidence type: recollections

Answer 12

-memories, oral history collected through interviews

Question 13

what are the characteristics of qualitative content analysis?

Answer 13

1. Study of recorded human communications(e.g., books, videos, text messages, news papers)
2. Contains a set of techniques useful for analyzing and understanding collections of text (e.g., coding, categorization, memo writing)
3. Can be either quantitative or qualitative oriented

Question 14

what are the types of qualitative content analysis?

Answer 14

Mainfest content, latent content

Question 15

explain qualitative content analysis type: manifest content

Answer 15

Manifest Content-content that is physically present and countable
obvious, in front of you

Question 16

explain qualitative content analysis type: latent content

Answer 16

-an interpretive reading of the symbolism underlying the physical data
Requires interpretation
Hidden message underneath the data

Question 17

explain discourse?

Answer 17

-any meaningful use of language (written, oral, signs and symbols, etc.)

Question 18

explain discourse analysis?

Answer 18

• A type of qualitative analysis of texts that focuses on how knowledge and meaning are created through the use of language.
• ‘Social Construction of Reality through language’

Question 19

what are the characteristics of discourse analysis?

Answer 19

• Reveal multiple meanings of particular language usage

- Seeing language as a tool to convey various ideologies (e.g., politics, religions)

Question 20

what are the steps of discourse analysis?

Answer 20

for example: advertisements

textual analysis, visual analysis, findings and discussion

Question 21

explain critical discourse analysis?

Answer 21

• A multidisciplinary approach to the study of discourse, which views language as a form of social practice
• examines How power is created through the use of language

Question 22

what are the two main functions of critical discourse analysis?

Answer 22

(1) reinforce and reproduce the current social structures, relations and identities
(2) bring about social actions and changes to the current social condition (politics)

Question 23

what are the main properties of critical discourse analysis?

Answer 23

• Language use is about making ‘choices’ (e.g., vocabulary, phrases, sentence structures) motivated by different intensions & interests
• Language/discourse is associated with the production & reproduction of exiting power relations or production of new power relations
• CDA makes hidden ideology transparent