Week 12 Slides

Question 1

mood disorder in which the individual is deeply unhappy, demoralized, self-derogatory, and
bored.

Answer 1

Major depression

Question 2

Mental health is relatively ___ in early adulthood and
slowly ___ with age, but depression is a ___
___ in the elderly

Answer 2

poor in early adulthood; slow improves with age; complex issue in the elderly

Question 3

Depression is not more common among older adults;

but when it occurs:

Answer 3

it is more likely to be chronic and to increase risk of suicidal ideation

Question 4

Signs of depression in older adults is most likely dismissed as:

Answer 4

Old age ‘grumpiness’ by family members (ageism)

Question 5

Depression can be mistaken for ____ because

both share symptoms of confusion and memory loss

Answer 5

dementia

Question 6

Depressed mood that may be mistaken for clinical depression. Does not usually progress to clinical depression and is related to life stresses.

Answer 6

Geriatric Dysthymia

Question 7

Less common form of depression, but when it occurs, problems are of long duration and are severe enough to interfere with the ability to carry out normal activities

Answer 7

Clinical depression

Question 8

Risk factors of depression include:

Answer 8

– Inadequate social support
– Inadequate income
– Emotional loss
– Nagging health problems
– Health status (the strongest predictor)
▪ the more disabling conditions older adults have, the
more depressive symptoms they have
– Poverty
– Education—poorly educated older adults are more
likely to be depressed
– Gender

Question 9

x2 as many ___ are depressed

Answer 9

women

Question 10

___ in Canada have higher depression rates, but elderly ___ are more than 5X more likely to
commit suicide

Answer 10

women in Canada; elderly men

Question 11

Why are elderly men 5x more likely to commit suicide?

Answer 11

▪ Elderly men tend to have several risk factors at once
▪ Elderly men are more troubled by economic stress
▪ Men do not adjust as well as women to the death of a spouse
▪ Men are more successful in suicide attempts

Question 12

Suicide rates for all ages have ___

almost __% since the 1950s

Answer 12

increased almost 75%

Question 13

Suicide rates in Canada are more than 3 times higher for __ than __, but the difference for those aged 65+ increases to more than 6 times higher for __ than __

Answer 13

males than females; males than females

Question 14

Recommended treatment for depression include:

Answer 14

– medications
– consistent exercise
– psychotherapy, especially interventions to develop optimistic thought patterns

Question 15

Antidepressants are useful, but:

Answer 15

▪ They may interfere with other life-sustaining drugs

▪ They significantly increase the risk of falls

Question 16

Way to prevent depression in older adults:

Answer 16

– Help older adults improve their health
– Provide opportunities for social involvement,
especially participation in activities with children
– Support for the spiritual needs of the elderly

Question 17

a global term for several neurological disorders involving irreversible decline in mental function severe enough to interfere with daily living.

Answer 17

Dementia

Question 18

a neurological disorder involving problems with memory and thinking that affect an individual’s emotional, social, and physical functioning

Answer 18

Dementia

Question 19

Medium to high levels of _____ have been linked with lower rates of dementia in 60- to 65-year-olds.

Answer 19

physical activity

Question 20

____ is the leading cause of institutionalization of the elderly in Canada, especially for ___

Answer 20

dementia; women

Question 21

Almost 2/3 of those with dementia have _______. This accounts for 60 to 80% of dementias

Answer 21

Alzheimers Disease

Question 22

The second most frequent dementia

Answer 22

Vascular dementia

Question 23

11% of adults over 75 and 34.5% of adults over 85:

Answer 23

have moderate to severe symptoms of dementia

Question 24

is a progressive, irreversible brain disorder characterized by a gradual deterioration of memory, reasoning, language, and eventually physical function.

Answer 24

Alzheimers Disease

Question 25

Now the sixth leading cause of death in the USA

Answer 25

Alzheimers Disease

Question 26

One in 10 individuals 65 and older has

Answer 26

Alzheimers Disease

Question 27

Twice as many African Americans and one and one-half times as many Latinos have

Answer 27

Alzheimers Disease

Question 28

Two-thirds of those with Alzheimer disease in the U.S. are ___

Answer 28

women

Question 29

Alzheimers Disease involves a deficiency in the brain messenger chemical called ____

Answer 29

acetylcholine

Question 30

In Alzheimers Disease, deterioration is characterized by the formation of:

Answer 30

amyloid plaques and neurofibrillary tangles.

Question 31

___ ___ and _____ may play a role in Alzheimers Disease

Answer 31

oxidative stress and mitochondria

Question 32

In Alzheimer’s disease, a gene called _____ is linked to increased presence of plaques and tangles in the brain

Answer 32

apolipoprotein E (ApoE)

Question 33

2 to 8% of all adults over age 65 show significant symptoms of ____ and the rate of this a rises rapidly among people in their 70s and 80s

Answer 33

dementia

Question 34

What visible brain changes in photographs are noted in people with dementia?

Answer 34

deterioration and shrinking

Question 35

The process of Alzheimers:

Answer 35

_ Slow, with subtle memory difficulties and repetitive conversation, and disorientation in unfamiliar
settings
_ Memory for recent events goes next.
– Memory for long-ago events and well-rehearsed cognitive
tasks are retained until late in the illness, as they can be
accessed by many alternative neural pathways
– Eventually failure to recognize family members, inability to communicate, and inability to perform self-care occurs

Question 36

Diagnosing Alzheimers:

Answer 36

– Definitive diagnosis can only occur after death
– Neurofibrillary tangles, surrounded by plaques, are more likely than in other dementias
– Since normal aging affects memory, it is difficult to recognize early Alzheimer’s
– Mild cognitive impairment may be a better predictor

Question 37

represents a transitional state between the cognitive changes of normal aging and very early Alzheimer disease and other dementias.

Answer 37

Mild cognitive impairment (MCI)

MCI is recognized as a risk factor.

Question 38

Behaviour in Alzheimers:

Answer 38

– Changes in appetite regulation may result in significant
overeating
– Facial expressions and emotions of others are difficult to process
– Some cannot control their own emotions, and display
sudden bursts of anger or rage, or become excessively
dependent
– As many as 40% may be depressed

Question 39

The current drugs used to treat Alzheimer’s disease:

Answer 39

Only slow the downward progression; they do not address its cause

Medication to increase neurotransmitters seems to slow the disease’s progress

Strategies such as making notes can help improve some memory tasks

Question 40

Due to myths about dementia, people believe:

Answer 40

that nothing can be done or may dismiss symptoms as a normal part of age.

Question 41

A problem with supporting those with dementia is:

Answer 41

Most people don’t educate themselves. Only 5% of Canadians would try to learn more if someone they knew was diagnosed.

Question 42

A chronic, progressive disease (type of dementia) characterized by muscle tremors, slowing of movement, and partial facial paralysis. Triggered by degeneration of dopamine producing neurons in the brain

Answer 42

Parkinson Disease

Question 43

The main treatment for Parkinson disease is:

Answer 43

Enhancing the effect of dopamine and later administering the drug L-dopa, which is converted by the brain into dopamine. Another treatment is deep brain stimulation (D B S).

Question 44

involves being alert, mentally present, and cognitively flexible while going through life’s everyday activities and tasks

Answer 44

Mindfulness

Question 45

Meditation has become a method of mindfulness training for older adults which:

Answer 45

• Improves memory and inhibitory control.

* Increases aerobic physical activity duration.

Question 46

expert knowledge about the practical aspects of life that permits excellent judgment about important matters.

Answer 46

Wisdom

Question 47

When is the main age window for wisdom to emerge?

Answer 47

Late adolescence to early adulthood

Question 48

____ factors are better predictors of wisdom than ___ factors

Answer 48

personality-related; cognitive

Question 49

In regards to wisdom, Baltes and colleagues assert that:

Answer 49

• High levels of wisdom are rare
• Factors other than age are associated with wisdom - for example, working in a field that involved difficult life
problems
• individual values play a key role - concern for others
• personality factors are more important than intelligence, including being open to experience, generativity, and creativity

Question 50

In regards to wisdom, Kunzmann & Baltes (2005) argue that:

Answer 50

• wise people approach problems through a lens of ‘the
meaning of life’
• they consider the past, present, and future
• tolerant of others’ values systems
• understand that life holds uncertainties
• solutions to problems must be formulated in an
imperfect world

Question 51

In regards to wisdom, Baltes’ research methods (reminiscent of Kohlberg) showed that:

Answer 51

• Performance on wisdom tasks does not decline with age

* The speed of accessing wisdom-related knowledge remains constant across adulthood

Question 52

In regards to wisdom, Ardelt (2008) argues that:

Answer 52

• emotional and philosophical dimensions should be added to our understanding of wisdom
• wise people possess an unselfish love for others
• wise people are less afraid of death

Question 53

Cohen’s four-stage theory of mid- to late-life creativity describes the potential for creative work through adulthood:

Answer 53

1. re-evaluation phase (around age 50)
2. liberation phase (around age 60)
3. summing-up phase (around age 70)
4. encore phase (80s and beyond)

Question 54

A stage in Cohen’s theory where it’s time to reflect on past accomplishments and formulate new goals. Leads to an intensified desire to create new projects.

Answer 54

Stage 1: Re-evaluation phase (around age 50)

Question 55

A stage in Cohen’s theory when retirement individuals have more time to be creative - they are freer

Answer 55

Stage 2: Liberation phase (around age 60)

Question 56

A stage in Cohen’s theory where individuals have a desire to knit together creative projects into one meaningful narrative/story.

Answer 56

Stage 3: Summing-up phase (around age 70)

Question 57

A stage in Cohen’s theory where individuals a desire to finish old projects, or fulfill projects that were planned.

Answer 57

Stage 4: Encore phase (80s and beyond)

Question 58

Who is ‘Grandma Moses’?

Answer 58

• Anne Mary Robertson Moses - 1860-1961
• Started painting when she was 78 years old, after raising 5 children, when continuing with needlework was too painful due to arthritis
• One of America’s most famous folk artists

Question 59

Older adults that express a secure attachment to God:

Answer 59

Have higher levels of life satisfaction, self-esteem, and

optimism. Religion can meet some important psychological needs for older adults.

Question 60

What can religion and spirituality help older adults with?

Answer 60

• Helping them face impending death.
• Helping them find and maintain a sense of meaning in life.
• Helping them to accept the inevitable losses of old age.

Question 61

Seniors who place a great deal of emphasis on religious faith:

Answer 61

worry much less than those who do not

Question 62

Religious seniors are more likely than their nonreligious peers to view old age as:

Answer 62

a chapter in an ongoing story rather than as a period of loss of capacities

Question 63

Religious coping is often cited as:

Answer 63

the primary means of managing stress

Question 64

Religious attendance is highest among seniors. Canadian adults who regularly attend such services
are:

Answer 64

▪ more optimistic
▪ physically healthier/live longer
▪ very satisfied with their lives
▪ less stressed than their non-attending peers

Question 65

In regards to religion coping and beliefs,

Answer 65

There is a connection between the sense of belonging and the sense of well-being

Question 66

Participation in religion has many benefits including:

Answer 66

opportunity to help others and intergenerational involvement

Question 67

Mortality is lowest among:

Answer 67

religious participants

Question 68

Canadian ___ make more use of religious
coping than ___ do (but the effects seem to be the
same for men and women)

Answer 68

women more than men

Question 69

Across all ages, adult ___ attend religious

services more regularly than ___

Answer 69

women more than men

Question 70

likely present in those who are active religious participants, is linked to successful aging

Answer 70

extroversion

Question 71

The research evidence suggests that _______ of the elderly may be just as important to maintaining their health and functioning as meeting their physical and material needs

Answer 71

supporting the spiritual needs

Question 72

Changes in roles and relationships are perhaps just as significant as physical ones during late adulthood.

For many older adults, these changes:

Answer 72

are not perceived as losses but as opportunities to create new roles and to make old age a time of personal and social gains

Question 73

the last of Erikson’s psychosocial stages, in which older adults must achieve a sense of satisfaction with their lives

Answer 73

Ego integrity versus despair stage

Question 74

the feeling that one’s life has been worthwhile (in regards to Erikson’s stages)

Answer 74

Ego integrity

Question 75

Involves reflecting on the past and either piecing together a positive review or concluding that one’s life has not been well spent (in regards to Erikson’s stages)

Answer 75

Integrity vs. despair

Question 76

Reflecting on past experience.

• a positive emotional experience for older adults
• often seen as a way of communicating their experiences to younger individuals.

Answer 76

Reminicence

Question 77

A higher frequency of reminiscence derived from ages of 15-30 than other life-stages. Related to memory processes (how we encode info)

Answer 77

Reminiscent bump

The important life events that tend to occur in that age range:
• Moving away from home
• First job/career
• Getting married
• Children, etc.

Question 78

Self-positive reminiscences:

Answer 78

• involve restoring, maintaining, or enhancing a sense of meaning and purpose in life
• associated with increased mental health.

Question 79

Self-negative reminiscences:

Answer 79

• involve dwelling on unresolved conflicts and losses

* associated with decreased mental health.

Question 80

a looking back at one’s life experiences, evaluating them, and interpreting/reinterpreting them.

Answer 80

Life review

Question 81

a therapy in which someone discusses past activities and experiences with another individual or group

Answer 81

Reminiscence therapy

Question 82

A theory where the more active and involved older adults are, the more likely they are to be satisfied with their lives

Answer 82

Activity theory

Question 83

The idea that it is normal and healthy for older adults to try to remain as active as possible for as long as possible; and the more active and involved older adults are, the more likely they will be satisfied with their lives.

Answer 83

Activity theory

Question 84

Activity theory suggests:

Answer 84

that many individuals will achieve greater life satisfaction if they continue their middle-adulthood roles into late adulthood. If these are stripped from them, it is important to find substitute roles that keep them active and involved.

Question 85

The most active seniors are often:

Answer 85

• the healthiest
• the most satisfied
• those with the highest morale

Question 86

Regarding the Activity theory, research has found that:

Answer 86

• Older Canadian adults who remain physically active have higher life satisfaction and social interaction.
• Older adults who increased their leisure time
activities showed a slower progression to functional disability

Question 87

Just like in middle adulthood, older adults maintain

high levels of performance by:

Answer 87

focusing on their strengths and compensating for weaknesses (SOC)

Question 88

The idea that older adults adapt life-long interests and activities to the limitations imposed on them by physical aging.

Answer 88

Continuity theory

Question 89

Continuing to engage in the activities that one loved and valued throughout the lifespan will

Answer 89

help seniors to maintain a positive outlook on the aging process. (Seen in Continuity Theory)

Question 90

The theory that motivation changes as a function of time horizons. When horizons are limited, there is a shift toward prioritizing emotional meaning and satisfaction.

Answer 90

Socioemotional selectivity theory

Question 91

In Socialemotional Selectivity Theory, two important classes of goals individuals are motivated to achieve are:

Answer 91

knowledge-related and emotional.

Question 92

In Carstensen’s theory of socioemotional selectivity:

Answer 92

the motivation to reach knowledge-related and emotion-related goals changes across the life span.

Question 93

the theory that it is normal and healthy for older adults to scale down their social lives and to separate themselves from others to a certain degree; the idea that older adults and society withdraw from one another as older adults approach death

Answer 93

Disengagement theory

Question 94

Disengagement theory has 3 aspects:

Answer 94

1. Shrinkage of life space - as persons age, they interact with fewer and fewer others, and fulfill fewer and fewer roles.
2. Increased individuality - in the remaining roles and
   relationships, older individuals are less governed by strict rules and expectations.
3. Acceptance of these changes - healthy older adults
   actively disengage - turning more inward.

Question 95

Social involvment:

Answer 95

promotes morale and decreases depression

Question 96

Continues to make substantial contributions to the experiences of older men and women, related to overall quality of life and longevity.

Answer 96

Individual differences.

Question 97

Predicts a lower mortality risk from childhood through late adulthood. Linked to a longer life and reduced risk of developing Alzheimer disease.

Answer 97

Conscientiousness

Question 98

In older adults, what are related to more positive emotions?

Answer 98

Higher levels of conscientiousness, openness to experience, agreeableness, and extraversion

Question 99

High ___ is linked to negative emotions and appears to predict higher frailty.

Answer 99

neuroticism

Question 100

A higher level of ____ and lower level of ____ is linked with lowered likelihood of developing dementia

Answer 100

agreeableness; neuroticism

Question 101

Based on a large cross-sectional study, ____ tends to decline significantly in the seventies and eighties

Answer 101

self-esteem

Question 102

Negative impacts on self-esteem for older adults include:

Answer 102

• Being widowed, institutionalized, or physically impaired.
• Having a low religious commitment.
• Declining health.

Question 103

A study of 65- to 92-year-olds found self-control was linked to:

Answer 103

Better outcomes for well-being and depression following a 6-week yoga program.

Another revealed self-control was a key factor in older adults’ physical activity levels.

Question 104

A prejudice against others because of their age. Most frequent form is disrespect, followed by assumptions about ailments or frailty.

Answer 104

Ageism

Question 105

Problems with health care for older adults involve:

Answer 105

• While many older adults have chronic rather than acute problems, the system is still based on a “cure” model.
• Because care is often more home-based, a new type of cooperative care needs to be developed.

Question 106

A view of concern that older adults receive an inequitably large allocation of the society’s resources

Answer 106

Generational inequity

Question 107

May contribute to intergenerational conflict and raises questions about whether the young should be have to pay for the old

Answer 107

Generational inequity

Question 108

___ is linked to an increase in physical and mental health problems. Women and ethnic minorities have much higher rates.

Answer 108

poverty

Question 109

In regards to older adults and technology:

Answer 109

• Increasing numbers do use e-mail, smartphones, and
social media.

• Television use continues to be high, raising concerns about the amount of sedentary behaviour

Question 110

In late adulthood, attachment security is associated with

Answer 110

greater psychological and physical well-being than attachment anxiety

Question 111

Insecure attachment is linked to

Answer 111

more perceived negative caregiver burden in caring for patients with Alzheimer disease

Question 112

__ percent of older adults have living children,

many of whom are middle-aged. Adult ___ are more likely to be involved in the lives of aging parents.

Answer 112

80; daughters

Question 113

Canadian studies show that between 2/3s and 3/4s of

older parents said their children

Answer 113

see them at least once a week

Question 114

Aging parents are most likely to need support with:

Answer 114

activities that involve physical activity (e.g., lifting,

bending)

Question 115

Good relationships and regular contact with adult children:

Answer 115

can add to an elderly adult’s quality of life, but are not necessary for it

Question 116

Childless elders are:

Answer 116

just as happy and well-adjusted as those who have children

Question 117

Relationships with siblings may:

Answer 117

become more important in late adulthood, especially after both parents have died

Question 118

Marital satisfaction is higher in the late years; it is based on:

Answer 118

Loyalty, familiarity, and mutual investment in the relationship.

• Higher levels of pleasure and lower levels of conflict are reported
• Spend more time with each other than with family or friends
• Many provide a remarkable degree of care and assistance to their spouses

Question 119

Married older adults have:

Answer 119

Higher life satisfaction, better health, and lower rates of institutionalization.

• The advantages are generally greater for married older men than for married older women
• Similar characteristics and effects are found in long-term gay and lesbian relationships

Question 120

Rates of remarriage are higher for older ___ than for ___

Answer 120

men than for women;

Older unmarried men are also more likely to date and
more likely to cohabit

Question 121

The protective nature of marriage for older adults is supported by research showing:

Answer 121

that single adults over 65 have higher mortality rates, even when factors such as poverty are controlled

Question 122

The majority of divorced older adults are ___.

Answer 122

women (men are more likely than women to remarry)

Question 123

Remarriage is increasing due to:

Answer 123

• Rising divorce rates
• Increased longevity
• Better health

Question 124

The number of cohabiting adults 50 years and older has been

Answer 124

rising rapidly in recent years and is expected to increase further.

Question 125

In many cases, older adult couples cohabit more for:

Answer 125

Companionship than for love. Others may cohabit rather than marry in order to maintain assets separately.

Question 126

In late adulthood, contact between grandchildren and grandparents:

Answer 126

declines as the grandchildren become adults themselves

Question 127

One contribution of great-grandparents is to:

Answer 127

transmit family history—where the family came from, what their members achieved, what they endured, and how their lives changed

Question 128

In late adulthood, __ friendships less likely to be

forged but __ friendships are maintained.

Answer 128

new; close

Some older adults do seek out new friendships, especially following the death of a spouse.

Question 129

Relationships with friends are likely to be more:

Answer 129

reciprocal or equitable, and such equitable relationships are more valued and less stressful than relationships with family members

Question 130

Contact with friends has a significant impact on:

Answer 130

life satisfaction, self-esteem and loneliness

Question 131

Research suggests close ties with friends can contribute to:

Answer 131

increased longevity and to better marital quality for

both wives and husbands.

Question 132

Women and men appear to form different kinds of social networks, with men’s friendships involving:

Answer 132

less disclosure and less intimacy than is true among women - so the same pattern we have been seeing remains constant across the lifespan

Question 133

Older ___ networks tend to be larger and closer than those of older ___

Answer 133

women’s; men

Men’s social networks are just as important to them and provide them with the same kinds of emotional support as women’s networks do, even though men’s networks tend to be smaller

Question 134

when individuals go through life embedded in a personal network of individuals to whom they give and from whom they receive social support.

Answer 134

Convoy model of social relations

Question 135

___ support is related to physical health, mental health, and life satisfaction

Answer 135

Social

Question 136

The extent to which individuals are involved in social exchanges with others

Answer 136

Social integration

Question 137

Older adults with higher levels of social integration

tend to be:

Answer 137

Less depressed, engage in more physical activity, and have a more positive mood.

Older adults tend to report being less lonely than
younger adults, and less lonely than would be
expected based on their circumstances.