Week 12 - Language Flashcards
What terms are used that make up linguistics?
Phonology
Morphology
Syntax
Semantics
Pragmatics
What makes up psycholinguistics?
Perception = speech and reading
Production = speaking and writing
What is the term to describe words such as: quack, woof, boom?
Onomatopoeia = sound symbolism.
What is iconicity?
Resemblance between word form, and meaning. I.e. “teeny” conveys smallness.
Bouba-kiki effect = describing bouba as round. and kiki as sharp.
Phonosthemes?
some pairings of words occur for no reason. E.g. GL frequently occurs for shiny things: glitter, glimmer, glisten.
No reason, just correlation.
What are phonemes?
Smallest unit of sound
What are allophones?
Same sounds, different order: lips, slip, spill, pill
What are phonetics?
Physical properties of speech sounds, and how they are produced and perceived in different contexts. E.g. english VS french pronunciation and meaning of “cave”
What terms are used to describe when the tune and rhythm of speech are important?
Suprasegmental property
Prosody = vocal pitch (fundamental frequency), and loudness, rhythm.
Conveys attitude, emotion, sarcasm. “I’m fine”
What term is used to describe word structure and formation? Also describe the subterms.
Morphology.
Morphemes = smallest unit of meaning within a language. I.e. cat has one meaning.
Bound morphemes =
Derivational = suffixes/ prefixes to change meaning “re-charge”
Inflectional morphemes = plurals, or “ed”
What is syntax?
Rules specifying how words are combined in sentences.
Recursive syntax = infinite expression. Sentence is continuing.
English = subject-verb-subject
What term describes a word form with one meaning (or sense)?
Monosemy
What term is used to describe a word with two or more unrelated sense?
Homonym = i.e. “coach” and “bus”
What is an example of word forms with two or several related senses?
Polysemy = “the mouth of the river” metaphorical relationship
The words “flower” and “flour” refers to what term?
Homophone = word pronounced similarly to another, with a different meaning.
What’s a cooperative principle? Describe a video where this was shown, and an example.
How language users can overcome ambiguity to work together to figure out sentence.
E.g. cat is out of the bag. video shown in big bang theory when Sheldon is asked to do something – cooperative principles often need to be more simplistic for autistic people who can’t pick up on social cues.
What does it mean when sign language is more iconic than spoken language?
Handshake references meaning - e.g. hand shape for plane.
Speech perception is both …. and ….?
Incremental and predictive.
Incremental = semantic processing occurs while word is being attended to.
Predictive = predicting upcoming words or phrases.
So it is both bottom up (incremental), and top-down (predictive)
The phonemic restoration effect is referred to when…
We naturally replace silence word or construct a meaning to fill in the gaps. We use a predictive mechanism - i.e. video of count from sesame street, and listening to sentence whilst person coughed.
Prosody is…
The patterns of rhythm and sound. I.e. book about little red riding hood, altered to sound similar.
When the first and last letter of a word are in the right place, however everything else is jumbled but we can still figure out the sentence.. this processing is called..?
Orthoghraphic processing. Printed words matched with autographic representation in our LTM
The superiority effect is when ..
Top-down processing from the word, to letter level is used.
This is often seen in the stroop effect task, where we use automaticity and reading words cannot be prevented even when it adversely affects the task.
What are some effects invovled in phonological processing?
~ Homophone effects
~ Phonological neighbourhood effects
~ Phonological priming effects
Phonetic encoding is referred to as what in terms of language production?
Mental syllabry
What are two broad classifications of speech errors?
Units and mechanisms.
Errors involving initial consonants of words are referred to as …?
Spoonerisms
Errors involving phonological word substitutions (which changes meaning completely), is referred to as …?
Malapropisms
The lexical bias effect is when..
Abstract. The lexical bias effect (LBE) is the tendency for phonological substitution errors to result in existing words (rather than nonwords) at a rate higher than would be predicted by chance.
Early SOAs are
Distractors presented first - stimulus onset asynchrony
Late SOAs are
distractors presented after picture.
