Week 12 - Language

Question 1

What terms are used that make up linguistics?

Answer 1

Phonology
Morphology
Syntax
Semantics
Pragmatics

Question 2

What makes up psycholinguistics?

Answer 2

Perception = speech and reading
Production = speaking and writing

Question 3

What is the term to describe words such as: quack, woof, boom?

Answer 3

Onomatopoeia = sound symbolism.

Question 4

What is iconicity?

Answer 4

Resemblance between word form, and meaning. I.e. “teeny” conveys smallness.

Bouba-kiki effect = describing bouba as round. and kiki as sharp.

Question 5

Phonosthemes?

Answer 5

some pairings of words occur for no reason. E.g. GL frequently occurs for shiny things: glitter, glimmer, glisten.

No reason, just correlation.

Question 6

What are phonemes?

Answer 6

Smallest unit of sound

Question 7

What are allophones?

Answer 7

Same sounds, different order: lips, slip, spill, pill

Question 8

What are phonetics?

Answer 8

Physical properties of speech sounds, and how they are produced and perceived in different contexts. E.g. english VS french pronunciation and meaning of “cave”

Question 9

What terms are used to describe when the tune and rhythm of speech are important?

Answer 9

Suprasegmental property
Prosody = vocal pitch (fundamental frequency), and loudness, rhythm.

Conveys attitude, emotion, sarcasm. “I’m fine”

Question 10

What term is used to describe word structure and formation? Also describe the subterms.

Answer 10

Morphology.
Morphemes = smallest unit of meaning within a language. I.e. cat has one meaning.

Bound morphemes =

Derivational = suffixes/ prefixes to change meaning “re-charge”

Inflectional morphemes = plurals, or “ed”

Question 11

What is syntax?

Answer 11

Rules specifying how words are combined in sentences.

Recursive syntax = infinite expression. Sentence is continuing.

English = subject-verb-subject

Question 12

What term describes a word form with one meaning (or sense)?

Answer 12

Monosemy

Question 13

What term is used to describe a word with two or more unrelated sense?

Answer 13

Homonym = i.e. “coach” and “bus”

Question 14

What is an example of word forms with two or several related senses?

Answer 14

Polysemy = “the mouth of the river” metaphorical relationship

Question 15

The words “flower” and “flour” refers to what term?

Answer 15

Homophone = word pronounced similarly to another, with a different meaning.

Question 16

What’s a cooperative principle? Describe a video where this was shown, and an example.

Answer 16

How language users can overcome ambiguity to work together to figure out sentence.

E.g. cat is out of the bag. video shown in big bang theory when Sheldon is asked to do something – cooperative principles often need to be more simplistic for autistic people who can’t pick up on social cues.

Question 17

What does it mean when sign language is more iconic than spoken language?

Answer 17

Handshake references meaning - e.g. hand shape for plane.

Question 18

Speech perception is both …. and ….?

Answer 18

Incremental and predictive.

Incremental = semantic processing occurs while word is being attended to.

Predictive = predicting upcoming words or phrases.

So it is both bottom up (incremental), and top-down (predictive)

Question 19

The phonemic restoration effect is referred to when…

Answer 19

We naturally replace silence word or construct a meaning to fill in the gaps. We use a predictive mechanism - i.e. video of count from sesame street, and listening to sentence whilst person coughed.

Question 20

Prosody is…

Answer 20

The patterns of rhythm and sound. I.e. book about little red riding hood, altered to sound similar.

Question 21

When the first and last letter of a word are in the right place, however everything else is jumbled but we can still figure out the sentence.. this processing is called..?

Answer 21

Orthoghraphic processing. Printed words matched with autographic representation in our LTM

Question 22

The superiority effect is when ..

Answer 22

Top-down processing from the word, to letter level is used.

This is often seen in the stroop effect task, where we use automaticity and reading words cannot be prevented even when it adversely affects the task.

Question 23

What are some effects invovled in phonological processing?

Answer 23

~ Homophone effects

~ Phonological neighbourhood effects

~ Phonological priming effects

Question 24

Phonetic encoding is referred to as what in terms of language production?

Answer 24

Mental syllabry

Question 25

What are two broad classifications of speech errors?

Answer 25

Units and mechanisms.

Question 26

Errors involving initial consonants of words are referred to as …?

Answer 26

Spoonerisms

Question 27

Errors involving phonological word substitutions (which changes meaning completely), is referred to as …?

Answer 27

Malapropisms

Question 28

The lexical bias effect is when..

Answer 28

Abstract. The lexical bias effect (LBE) is the tendency for phonological substitution errors to result in existing words (rather than nonwords) at a rate higher than would be predicted by chance.

Question 29

Early SOAs are

Answer 29

Distractors presented first - stimulus onset asynchrony

Question 30

Late SOAs are

Answer 30

distractors presented after picture.