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NUR205 - 2016 > Week 12 > Flashcards

Week 12 Flashcards

1
Q

When caring for a diabetic pt care involves (but is not limited to)?

A
  • pharmacological therapy
  • nutritional therapy
  • foot care
  • pt education
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2
Q

What does insulin do?

A

Acts as a mimic to normal pancreatic response to blood glucose levels.

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3
Q

Insulin can be categorised into 4 types. Name these types.

A
  • rapid onset= novorapid
  • short acting= regular insulin
  • intermediate = protophane
  • long acting= Lantau solostar
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4
Q

What is insulin lipohypertrophy?

A

Lipohypertrophy is an abnormal accumulation of fat underneath the surface of the skin. Repeated insulin injections in the same location can cause fat and scar tissue to accumulate.

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5
Q

What nutritional management should we be educating a pt with diabetes?

A
  • ensuring they are meeting energy needs
  • maintaining a reasonable weight
  • preventing wide fluctuations in BSL
  • reducing alcohol intake
  • meal planning = eating out, timing of insulin, reading food labels, adjustments for illness and exercise
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6
Q

What foot health advice should a nurse be providing with a pt with diabetes?

A
  • Examine feet daily for blisters, cracks and/or breaks in skin, swelling, bruising, colour changes or abnormalities.
  • if a problem occurs seek advice immediately from GP, nurse or podiatrist.
  • cover any breaks in the skin with a clean dry dressing.
  • pt should be seeking a podiatrist regularly.
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7
Q

What is diabetes mellitus?

A

A group of diseases characterised by hyperglycaemia due to defects in insulin secretion, insulin action, or both.

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8
Q

What do alpha cells do and who does this usually effect?

A

Alpha cells secrete glucagon and generally effect type 2 diabetics

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9
Q

What do beta cells do and who do they affect?

A

Beta cells secrete insulin and affect type 1 diabetics.

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10
Q

There are three types of diabetes, name them.

A

Type 1 diabetes (IDDM)
Type 2 diabetes (NIDDM)
Gestational diabetes

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11
Q

What are the “3 P’s”?

A
  • Polyuria =pee a lot
  • polyphasia = hunger
  • polydyspia = thirsty
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12
Q

What is glycosylated haemoglobin?

A

Blood test used for assessing BGL.

It is the gold standard method of assessing elevated blood glucose over time.

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13
Q

What should be the BGL range for a Type 1 diabetic that has been fasting?

A

4.0 - 6.0 mmol/L

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14
Q

What should be the BGL range for a Type 2 diabetic that has been fasting?

A

6.0 - 8.0 mmol/L

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15
Q

What is the “sick day rules”?

A

These are guidelines made more for type 1 diabetics on how to proceed should they start feeling unwell.
It tells them what they should be doing or seeing as they can quickly spiral out of control when sick which effects so many body systems.

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16
Q

What is the “Rule of 15”?

A

It is the management of Hypoglycemia.

  • give 15g of fast acting, concentrated carbohydrate
  • retest blood glucose in 15 mins/ repeat if no improvement
  • MET call after 2-3 treatments
  • if next meal over 15 mins away, consider longer acting carb (sandwich/milk/fruit)
17
Q

why is there a need for educating a pt with diabetes?

A
  • it is a life-long, self-care condition
  • need for monitoring techniques -BGSM, urinalysis, correlation with medication
  • -affect their quailty of life
  • prevention/reduction on complications
  • provide knowledge
  • encourage compliance with therapy
18
Q

List some of the clinical manifestations of type 1 and 2 diabetes.

A
  • poluria
  • polydypsia
  • polyphagia
  • fatigue
  • vision changes
  • tingling/numbness in hands and feet/dry skin
  • skin lesions/wounds slow to heal and recurrent infections
19
Q

what are the main management of type 1 and 2 diabetes?

A

Diet and exercise.
Diet = to prevent wide fluctuations of BGL’s, provide optimal nutrition, low GI foods, nutritionist, pt education
Exercise = planned and consistent, Lower BG and cardiovascular risk, aid in weightloss

20
Q

List at least 4 clinical manifestations of ARF (acute renal failure).

A

clinical manifestations would potentially be evident in every body system.

  • persistent nausea and vomiting and diarrhoea
  • fatigue/lethargy
  • signs of dehydration
  • uraemic fetor
  • CNS syptoms = twitching, drowsiness, headaches
  • urine output variable according to stage of ARF
  • ECG changes
  • haematuria
21
Q

How would we diagnose ARF?

A

urinary changes
blood tests
renal function tests
scans

22
Q

what is the treatment for ARF?

A
  • detect and resolve the underlying cause
  • treat the clinical manifestations
  • prevent complications
  • nutritional support
23
Q

What nursing care would we be doing for a pt with ARF?

A
  • monitor vital signs
  • skin assessment for dehydration
  • fluid balance monitoring (input/output)
  • daily weighing
  • administration of drugs and monitoring for side effects
  • monitor lab results
  • general nursing care (skin)/bed rest
  • asepsis
  • pt and family education/support
  • nutritional support

NUR205 - 2016 (10 decks)

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