Week 115 Pregnancy Flashcards
What should you ask in an obs/gynae history?
Age Parity LMP Contraception Smear
Heavy periods and pain
What do you examine in an obs/gynae history
- General
- Breasts
- Abdomen (masses/ascites)
- Pelvic (speculums- cusco, sim’s)
- Bimanual (uterus, sspmt)
size shape position mobility tender
Where anatomically is an ectopic pregnancy most likely to form?
Ampulla of uterine tube
What can cause severe hyperemesis?
Molar pregnancy
Which of the following Hb values is normal in the antenatal period?
110g/l
What proportion of pregnancies are affected by VTE?
1%
What clinical signs are frequently present in severe PET?
clonus
brisk reflexes
What are the symptoms are classically associated with more severe PET?
headache
visual disturbances
epigastric pain
What anti-hypertensives is first line for treatment of raised BP in pregnancy?
Labetolol
What are indications for a GTT?
Previous GDM
What medication would you offer to all women with DM from 12/40?
Aspirin
When would you aim to deliver a woman with pre existing DM?
37-38/40
In a pregnant patient with a history of hyperthyroidism, who is thyroid receptor antibody (TRAB) positive, what is the baby at risk of?
High risk of neonatal thyrotoxicosis
What is labour?
Process of birth: expulsion of foetus and placenta from uterus = 3 stages of unequal length
describe the first stage of labour
First Stage : onset of labour – Cx fully dilated
a) Latent – contractions - cervix fully effaced
b) Active – cervical dilatation
describe the second stage of labour
•Second Stage : full dilatation – delivery of baby 2 phases
a) Propulsive – full dilatation - head to pelvic floor
b) Expulsive – irresistible desire to bear down / push - delivery.
describe the third stage of labour
- Third Stage delivery of the baby - expulsion of the placenta & membranes.
describe the mechanism of normal labour
- Head at pelvic brim in Left Occipito Lateral (LOL) position
- Neck flexes & presenting diameter is Suboccipito Bregmatic
- Head hits pelvic floor- occiput rotates to Occipito – Anterior (OA)
- Head delivers by extension * Head restitutes (comes in line with the shoulders)
- Descent continues & shoulders rotate into the antero – posterior diameter of the pelvis
- Anterior shoulder slips under pubis & with lateral flexion baby is born.
How is normal labour characterised?
- regular, painful uterine contractions
- Dilatation of cervix
- Descent of head
What are associated symptoms of labour?
- “Show” of blood stained mucous discharge
- Spontaneous rupture of membranes (SRM) in 1/3 women
What are the cardinal signs of labour?
Effacement (incorporation of cervical canal into lower uterine segment from internal os downwards)
Dilation of cervix (cervical os)
What is the shape of a nulliparous cervix?
Tubular
What is the shape of a multiparous cervix?
Patulous (tent shaped)
Describe features of a primigravid labour
- unique psychological experience
- inefficient uterine action- prolonged labour common if untreated
- rupture of uterus virtually unknown
- risk of cephalopelvic disproportion and foetal trauma
- size of foetus related to mother’s size
Describe features of a multigravid labour
- uterine action efficient- dystocia rare
- risk of uterine rupture
- disproportion and trauma rare if mother has a previous delivery
Caput
Oedema of scalp due to pressure of head against rim of cervix
Moulding
Overlapping of vault bones, shape of the skull alters so the engaging diameters become shorter
Engagement
Descent of biparietal diameter through pelvic brim
If head is at level of ischial spines, it must be engaged unless there is caput
When head is engaged not more than 2/5ths can be abdominally
engagement usually occurs after labour is established
Lie
Relation of long axis of foetus to mother
May be longitudinal, oblique or transverse. Only longitudinal lie is normal.
Presentation
Part of fetus in lower pole of uterus e.g. cephalic, vertex or breech.
Attitude
Posture of fetus e.g. flexion, deflexion or extension. The normal attitude is full flexion when normal presentation is a vertex.
Position
the relationship of the presenting part to mother’s pelvis. The denominator is used to describe the position of baby wrt mother’s pelvis e.g. LOL or LOA.
Denominator
Denominator: arbitrary part of presentation. * Occiput in vertex presentation * Sacrum in breech presentation * Mentum in face presentation. It denotes position of presenting part with reference to pelvis.
What is the notation of the relationship of head to ischial spines?
By notation the ischial spines are designated station zero.
When the head is above the spines, it is said to be at –1, -2, -3, or – 4 cm.
If the head is below the spines the notation is +1, +2, +3, or + 4cm. The station can only be determined by vaginal examination.
Why is syntocinon administered?
synthetic oxytocin–an octapeptide that causes rhythmical uterine contractions. Acts in 2 mins when given IM.
Why is ergometrine administered?
500 micro g injected IV acts within 40 seconds & persists for 30 mins.
Takes 6 mins to act when given IM. It causes tetanic contractions (prolonged spasm).
It is used for post-partum haemorrhage & the main side effects are nausea, vomiting & hypertension. It is contraindicated in hypertension & cardiac disease.
Why is syntometrine administered?
10iu of syntocinon + 500 micro g of ergometrine. This is used for the active management of the third stage of labour. It is given as the anterior shoulder appears under the pubic symphysis.
Describe the third stage of labour
Cord lengthens
Gush of blood
Fundus of uterus rises
Controlled cord traction (CCT)= Brandt-Andrews method
What are complications in early pregnancy?
Miscarriage
Ectopic pregnancy
Molar pregnancy
Hyperemesis Gravidarum
What are symptoms of ectopic pregnancy?
pain
bleeding
faint/collapse
How many pregnancies are ectopic?
1/100
What is the management of ectopic pregnancy?
Conservative
Medical (methotrexate)
Surgical (laparoscopy/laparotomy)
How is molar pregnancy diagnosed?
Ultra sound scan appearance
What is the treatment for molar pregnancy?
- Suction evacuation indicated (risk perf)
- Rarely hysterectomy •Persistent choriocarcinoma (<1%)
- Methotrexate
Large For Dates, high HCG, biochemical hyperthyroid, hyperemesis
How many pregnancies are molar?
1-3/1000
What is hyperemesis gravidarum?
Excessive nausea and vomiting of pregnancy Leads to: –Electrolyte imbalance –Weight loss –Reduced urine output –Raised creatinine
How is hyperemesis gravidarum treated?
Exclude molar or multiple pregnancy
Admission for rehydration and anti-emetics
May need vitamin supplementation
What are complications during late pregnancy?
Pre-existing Medical Disorders:
Psychiatric
Diabetes
Anaemia
Disorders arising in pregnancy:
Antepartum Haemorrhage Hypertensive Disorders Thromboemobilsm
Pre-term Labour
Obstetric Cholestasis
What is gestational diabetes?
– intolerance to glucose in pregnancy
What is management for GDM?
•Management –Multidisciplinary – Diet – Monitor blood glucose –Exercise – Regular growth scans –Aspirin – Hypoglycaemic agents – metformin/insulin – Planned delivery at 38 weeks
What are associated risks of GDM for the mother?
Spontaneous miscarriage Gestational hypertension Preterm labour Premature rupture of membranes Polyhydramnios Infections Ketoacidosis
What are foetal risks during GDM?
Congenital abnormalities Macrosomia
Intrauterine growth restriction Birth injury
Delayed lung maturity
Neonatal –
hypoglycaemia, hypocalcaemia, hyperbilirubinaemia, jaundice
Perinatal death
What are indications for GTT? (glucose tolerance test)
Previous GDM (16/40 and 28/40) ⁻ Previous baby >4.5kg ⁻ BMI >30 ⁻ Ethnicity ⁻ First degree relative with DM ⁻ PCOS
Manage with delivery at 40+6
and same as pre-existing DM
What are the physiological changes in anaemia?
•Physiological changes
–50% increase in circulating blood volume
–Fall in haemoglobin, red cell count and haematocrit
–2-3 fold increase in iron requirement
–10 to 20 fold increase in folate requirement
Hb <105
Check iron and folate levels
Replacement therapy
Describe features of pregnancy induced hypertension
BP > 140/90
Asymptomatic
No proteinuria
Describe features of pre-eclampsia
•BP >140/90
Commonly symptomatic NOT always •
Proteinuria (>30mg/mmol) •May have abnormal liver function, renal function and low platelets (HELLP) •Eclampsia
What are risk factors for hypertensive disorders?
•First pregnancy •Obesity •Family history •Extremes of maternal age (<19 or >40) •Multiple pregnancy •Chronic hypertension •Chronic renal disease •Diabetes
How are hypertensive disorders managed?
•Antihypertensives •Regular monitoring –Bloods –Urine –BP –Symptoms •May require admission and early delivery •For next pregnancy – consultant led care, aspirin, serial growth scans
How does thrombo-embolism present?
•Presentation – leg pain, swelling, breathlessness, chest pain, haemoptysis, tachypnoea, tachycardic, hypoxic on ABG
How is thromboembolism diagnosed?
•Diagnosis – –Doppler, –CXR, –ECG, –CTPA or V/Q Scan
What is treatment for thromboembolism?
•Treatment - low molecular weight heparin until 6 weeks post delivery
What is pre-term labour?
•Labour before 37 weeks gestation •
Clinical diagnosis – regular contractions, progressive cervical change
•5-10% pregnancies
•70% neonatal deaths in normally formed babies
What are causes of pre-term labour?
–Unknown –Infection –Multiple pregnancy, polyhydramnios –Cervical incompetence –Antepartum haemorrhage –Iatrogenic
What is management for pre-term labour?
- Tocolytics
–Steroids
What is obstetric cholestasis?
- 0.7% UK pregnancies – increased in Indian/Pakistani Asian population 1.2-1.5% •Multifactorial
- Intense itching
- No rash
- Abnormal liver function tests •May be diagnosis of exclusion
What are the risks of obstetric cholestasis?
•Fetal risks of prematurity (iatrogenic/spontaneous), ?stillbirth, meconium stained liquor
How is obstetric cholestasis treated?
- Treat with emollients, antihistamines, ursodeoxycholic acid, vitamin K
- 50% risk recurrence
- Advise avoid oestrogen containing COCP
What are causes of “failure to progress” of baby during labour?
- Inefficient uterine action
- Occipito-posterior position
- Cephalopelvic disproportion
What drug is given during inefficient uterine action?
Syntocinon (but be careful during multiparous delivery as risk of uterine rupture)
When is induced labour performed?
- 10-15% induction of labour rate
- Performed when benefit of delivering baby outweighs risk of continuing with pregnancy
- Indications obstetric or medical
- Obstetric – prolonged pregnancy (>T+12) non-reassuring CTG, severe PET, uteroplacental insufficiency, PROM.
- Medical – Renal disease, uncontrolled DM malignancy
What are the advantages of induced labour?
•Advantages of IOL
- Less risk of PNM (PNMR inc x 2 >42 wks)
- CS rate inc x 2 after 42 wks
- Mec. staining occurs 40% preg >42 wks
Disadvantages of induced labour
•Disadvantages of IOL 1.Failed IOL - CS
2.Longer labour than if spontaneous labour
If cervix is unfavourable during inducing labour, what is administered?
PGE2 (prostagladin)
- softens and effaces cervix
- may cause labour for patient