Week 1.10 - Anatomy and Physiology of the Throat

Question 1

What are technical words used to describe throat issues?

Answer 1

• dysphagia
• odynophagia
• dysphonia (hoarse)
• referred otalgia (pain from throat to ear)

Question 2

What does the throat include?

Answer 2

• oral cavity and mouth
• pharynx
• larynx

Question 3

What does the pharynx include?

Answer 3

• nasopharynx,
• oropharynx,
• hypopharynx

Question 4

What does the larynx include?

Answer 4

• supraglottis
• glottis
• subglottis

Question 5

What does the boundaries of the mouth include?

Answer 5

contains teeth, tongue, salivary glands, and includes whole tongue except base - oropharynx.

Question 6

What is the function of the mouth?

Answer 6

• mastication by chewing and mixing with saliva
• tongue for taste
• turning sound vibrations from larynx into words

Question 7

What is dysarthrya?

Answer 7

speech difficulty

Question 8

What are the muscles of mastication and their innervation?

Answer 8

• maseeter
• temporalis
• medial and lateral pterygoid muscles
• all innervated by V3 of Cr.N.V

Question 9

What are other words for tongue?

Answer 9

glossa is greek, linga is latin

Question 10

What are the innervations of the tongue?

Answer 10

• special sensory
• general sensory
• motor
• split into anterior 2/3rds and posterior 1/3rd

Question 11

What is the innervation to the anterior 2/3rds of the tongue?

Answer 11

• general sensory is lingual nerve of V3
• special sensory is chorda tympani of Cr.N.VII facial nerve from middle ear
• motor is hypoglossal Cr.N.XII

Question 12

What is the innervation to the posterior 1/3rd of the tongue?

Answer 12

• general and special sensory glossopharyngeal nerve Cr.N.IX
• motor is hypoglossal Cr.N.XII same as anterior bits
  EXCEPT palatoglossus which is vagus nerve

Question 13

What are the muscles of the tongue?

Answer 13

• intrinsic - superior longitudinal, inferior longitudinal, transverse and vertical
• extrinsic - genioglossis, styloglossus, hyoglossus and palatoglossus

Question 14

what is found in the floor of the mouth?

Answer 14

submandibular and sublingual salivary glands. parotid found in buccal mucosa opposite 2nd molar

Question 15

What are the parts of the pharynx?

Answer 15

• oropharynx we see in mouth.
• nasopharynx and hypopharynx we cant.
• tonsils
• uvula
• valecula (where tongue base meets epiglottis)
• epiglottis

Question 16

What are the 2 surfaces of the epiglottis?

Answer 16

• lingual surface meets tongue
• laryngeal surface flops over larynx when swallow

Question 17

What is the role of the nasopharynx?

Answer 17

• diverts air from nose into larynx
• has soft palate which moves when we swallow, prevents food going up nose

Question 18

What is the role of the oropharynx and hypopharynx?

Answer 18

help normal swallow - epiglottis closes
- oropharynx resonating chamber with muscles

Question 19

What is velopalatine insufficiency?

Answer 19

dysfunctional soft palate movement - food regurgitates into nasopharynx and nose

Question 20

What is the sensation to the oropharynx and hypopharynx?

Answer 20

vagal nerve and glossopharyngeal nerve

Question 21

What are the principles of voice production?

Answer 21

1. airflow to larynx by diaphragm and lungs
2. vibrations causing mucosal wave of vocal cord
3. resonance of vibration created by larynx. using mouth structures to produce words

Question 22

Where is the larynx and what other cartilages are involved?

Answer 22

• C3-C6
• epiglottis, thyroid and cricoid cartilage, arytenoid

Question 23

What is the role of the larynx?

Answer 23

• allows air through trachea to mouth.
• air moved through glottis moves vocal cord, causing voice.
• prevents aspiration due to epiglottis

Question 24

What is the sensation to the larynx?

Answer 24

needs supply for muscles
- all branches of vagus nerve - recurrent pharyngeal nerve, laryngeal nerve, recurrent laryngeal nerve

Question 25

What may vagal palsies cause?

Answer 25

• motor function issues with larynx
• sensory issues (aspiration)
• vocal dysfyunction

Question 26

What are the muscles of the larynx?

Answer 26

all intrinsic - attach to cartilage not bone.
attach to cricoid, thyroid and arytenoid cartilages.