Week 11 Schizophrenia (AJ)

Question 0

Avolution

Answer 0

Apathy… Lack of motivation and a seeming absence of interest in or an ability to persist in what are usually routine activities, including work, school, hobbies or social activities.

Question 1

Negative symptoms of Schizoprenia?

Answer 1

Consist of behavioural deficits: avolution, a sociality, anhedonia, blunted affect, and Alogia.
These symptoms tend to endure beyond an acute episode.

Question 2

Asociality

Answer 2

Severe impairments in social relationships. Few friends, poor social skills and little interest in being with other people like Donna and Cath.

Question 3

Anhedonia

Answer 3

A loss of interest in or a reported lessening of the experiences of pleasure. Two types of pleasure experiences in Anhedonia construct:

1. Consummatory pleasure… Amount of pleasure experienced in the moment / in the presence of something pleasurable.
2. Anticipatory pleasure…amount of expected pleasure from future events …e.g. The amount of pleasure expect to experience when Santa comes.

Question 4

Blunted affect

Answer 4

Refers to the outward expression of emotion… Stare vacantly, motionless muscles of the face, lifeless eyes.
Flat and toneless voice, etc..

Question 5

Alogia

Answer 5

Refers to a significant reduction in the amount of speech. Do not talk much as o,opposed to Cath and DD and AS.

Question 6

Two domains of negative symptoms

Answer 6

Experience domain.. Motivation, emotional experience, and socialty.
Expression domain… Expression of emotion, vocalisation.

Question 7

Disorganised symptoms of schizophrenia…

Answer 7

Include disorganised speech (formal thought disorder) and disorganised behaviour.

Question 8

Disorganised speech refers to …

Answer 8

Problems in organising ideas and in speaking so that a listener can understand.
Speech may be disorganised by loose associations or derailment in which person may be more successful in communicating with a listener but has difficulty sticking to one topic.

Question 9

What type of cognitive functioning is disorganised speech

Associated with?

Answer 9

Executive functioning … Problem solving, planning, and making associations between thinking and feeling.
Disorganised speech also related to the ability to perceive semantic information (i.e. meaning).

Question 10

Disorganised behaviour

Answer 10

...inexplicable bouts of agitation
...dress unusually
...childlike/ silly manner
... Hoard food
...collect garbage
...difficulty performing basic everyday tasks.

Question 11

MoVEment SymPTOms :)

Answer 11

Grossly abnormal psychomotor behaviour…
Catatonia is the prime example…gesture repeatedly, peculiar finger, hand, arm movements, seemingly (often) purposeful.
Catatonic immobility: adoption of unusual postures for long periods of time.

Question 12

DSM 5 CRITERIA FOR SCHIZOPHRENIA

Answer 12

2+ present for significant portion of time over 1 month period (at least 1 must be 1,2, or 3).
1. Delusions: fixed beliefs not amenable to change in light of contrary evidence.
2. Hallucinations: perception-like experiences occurring without external stimulus.
3. Disorganised thinking/speech (formal thought disorder).
4. Disorganised/catatonic behaviour ..a marked decrease in reactivity to the environment.
5. Negative symptoms.
Hmm… See lecture slides for more detail… :). Unless I get the time to write the details in :)

Question 13

What are the TWO brief psychotic disorders?

With a third added…

Answer 13

1. Schizophreniform disorder ….same symptoms as schiz but last only from 1-6 months.
2. Brief psychotic disorder… Lasts from 1 day to 1 month and is often brought on by extreme stress, such as bereavement.
3. Scnizoaffective disorder comprises mixtures of symptoms of schizophrenia and mood disorders…may require a depressive or manic episode listed in DSM 5.

Question 14

Delusional Disorder

Answer 14

Troubled by persistent delusions of persecution or by delusional jealousy the unfounded conviction that the spouse or lover is unfaithful.

Question 15

Prefrontal cortex

Answer 15

The region of the frontal lobe that helps maintain an image of threats and rewards faced, as well as maintain focus and plan relevant those threats and rewards.

Question 16

Social selection hypothesis

Answer 16

An attempt to explain the correlation between social class and schizophrenia by arguing that people with schizophrenia tend to move downward in socioeconomic status.

Question 17

Schizoaffective disorder

Answer 17

Diagnosis applied when a patient has symptoms of both mood disorder and either Schizophreniform disorder or schizophrenia.

Question 18

Clinical high risk study

Answer 18

A study that identifies people who show subtle or early clinical signs of a disorder, such as schizophrenia, and then follows them over time to determine who might be at risk for developing the disorder.

Question 19

Brief psychotic disorder

Answer 19

A disorder in which a person has a sudden onset of psychotic symptoms… Incoherence, loose associations, delusions, hallucinations… Immediately after a severely disturbing event…
The symptoms last more than 1 day but no more than 1 month.

Question 20

Social skills training

Answer 20

Behaviour therapy procedures such as modelling and behaviour rehearsal, for teaching individuals how to meet others, talk to them, maintain eye contact, give and receive criticism, offer and accept compliments, make requests and express feelings, and otherwise improve their relations with others.

Question 21

Loose associations

Answer 21

In schizophrenia
An aspect of disorganised thinking wherein the patient has difficulty sticking to one topic and drifts off on a train of associations evoked by an idea from the past.

Question 22

Delusional disorder

Answer 22

A disorder in which the individual has persistent delusions and is very often contentious but has no disorganised thinking or hallucinations.

Question 23

Catatonia

Answer 23

Constellation of schizophrenic symptoms including repetitive, peculiar, complex gestures and, in some cases, an almost manic increase in overall activity level.

Question 24

Blunted affect

Answer 24

A negative symptom of schizophrenia that involves lack of outward expression or emotion.

Question 25

Dementia praecox

Answer 25

An older term for schizophrenia, believed then to be an incur able and progressive deterioration of mental functioning beginning in adolescence.

Question 26

Second-generation

Answer 26

Any of several drugs such as clozapine, used to treat schiz that produce fewer motor side effects that traditional antipsychotics while reducing positive and disorganised symptoms at least as effectively…. May however, be associated with increased and serious side effects of other varieties.

Question 27

Consummatory pleasure

Answer 27

Pleasure experienced in the moment or in the presence of a pleasurable stimulus.

Question 28

Sociogenic hypothesis

Answer 28

An idea that seeks causes in social conditions, for example, that being in a low social class can cause one to become schizophrenic.

Question 29

Hallucinations

Answer 29

Perceptions in any sensory modality without relevant and adequate external stimuli.

Question 30

Familial high risk study

Answer 30

A study involving the offspring of people with a disorder, such as schizophrenia, who have a high probability of later developing a disorder.

Question 31

Positive symptoms

Answer 31

Behavioural excesses in schizophrenia, such as hallucinations and delusions.

Question 32

Grandiose delusions

Answer 32

Found in paranoid schizophrenia…delusional disorder, and mania, an exaggerated sense of one’s importance, power, knowledge or identity.

Question 33

Delusions

Answer 33

Beliefs contrary to reality, firmly held in spite of evidence to the contrary and common in paranoid disorders… Of control, belief that one is being manipulated by some external force such as radar, television or creature from outer space… Of grandeur, of persecution, etc…

Question 34

Alogia

Answer 34

A negative symptom in schiz, marked by poverty of speech.

Question 35

Catatonic immobility

Answer 35

A fixity of posture, sometimes grotesque, maintained for long periods, with accompanying muscular rigidity, trancelike state of consciousness, and waxy flexibility.

Question 36

Anhedonia

Answer 36

A negative symptom in schiz or a symptom in depression in which the Individual experiences a loss of interest and pleasure.

Question 37

Cognitive enhancement therapy (CET)

Answer 37

Also known as cognitive training, treatment that seeks to improve basic cognitive functions such as verbal learning ability in people with schiz, meanwhile reducing symptoms as well.

Question 38

Asocialty

Answer 38

A negative symptom of schizophrenia marked by an inability to form close relationships and to feel intimacy.

Question 39

Dopamine therapy

Answer 39

The view that schizophrenia is linked to an increase in the number of dopamine receptors.

Question 40

Avolition

Answer 40

A negative symptom in schiz in which the individual lacks interest and drive.

Question 41

Negative symptoms

Answer 41

Behavioural deficits in schizophrenia which include flat affect, anhedonia, a socialty, Alogia, and avolition.

Question 42

Ideas of reference

Answer 42

Delusional thinking that reads personal significance into seemingly trivial remarks or activities of others and completely unrelated events.

Question 43

Antipsychotic drugs

Answer 43

Psychoactive drugs such as Thorazine that reduce psychotic symptoms but have long term side effects resembling symptoms of neurological diseases.

Question 44

Schizophrenia

Answer 44

A disorder characterised by disturbances in thought, emotion, and behaviour … Disordered thinking in which ideas are not logically related, delusional beliefs, faulty perception, such as hallucinations, disturbances in attention, disturbances in motor activity, blunted expression of emotion, reduced desire for interpersonal relations, and withdrawal from people, diminished motivation and anticipatory pleasure.