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2266 Crime + Society > Week 11 pt.1 : Unconventional crimes > Flashcards

Week 11 pt.1 : Unconventional crimes Flashcards

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1
Q

History of organized crime…

A
  • sea piracy is the earliest example of organized crime
  • Canada-Unisted States Cross-Border Crime Forums (CBCF) started in 1997 to address transnational & unconventional crime issues between the 2 countries
  • organized crime is a transnational phenomenon
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2
Q

Defining organized crime…

A
  • broad concept encompassing various activities & methods
  • definitions share several terms…
    1. supplying of illegal goods and services
    2. involvement of predatory crime
    3. transnational dimension
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3
Q

organized crime groups are…

A
  • non-ideological (no political affiliation)
  • hierarchial
  • limited membership
  • perpetous (ongoing & overtime)
  • organized through specialization or division of labour
  • monopolistic (geographical area)
  • governed by rules & regulations
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4
Q

main activities recognized by RCMP that criminal organizations are involved in…

A
  • alien smuggling
  • armed assault
  • car theft
  • drug dealing
  • fraud
  • trafficking in humans, radioactive material & weapons
  • smuggling of precious & antique goods
  • exploitation through prostitutions
  • chemical terrorism
  • gambling
  • embezzling from industries & financial institutions
  • infitration & control of private & commercial banks
  • control of illicit/black markets
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5
Q

Organized crime groups in Canada

A
  • over 2,000 organized crime groups in Canada
  • only 135 RCMP organized crime units
  • indigenous crime groups & youth gangs, cartels, ethnic crime groups, money laundering & outlaw motorcycle gangs
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6
Q

Indigenous crime groups & youth gangs

A
  • Indigenous crime groups have drawn increasing attention since early 1900s because of escalating involvement in crimina gangs
  • Indigenous crime groups can make a million bucks with a single trailer full of cigs
  • indigenous youth gang activities… almost 8,000 members, crimes of opportunity
  • best solution to fighting indigenous crime organizations may lie in ending the persistet marginalization
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7
Q

Cartels…

A
  • cartel is informal association of independent commerical enterprises designed to limit competition
  • transcend nations (global reach)
  • threats to democracy, national security & international development
  • we have created an environment favourable to the spread of these chemicals with… changes in economy, relaxed visa requirements & political instability in various parts of the world
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8
Q

Ethnic crime groups

A
  • diff groups involved in diff types of criminal behaviour & use diff strategies
  • most ethnic gang activity is in BC, Ontario & Quebec
  • groups are known for violence usually through drive-by shootings, home invations & extortion, etc.
  • Italian-based organized crime has been reported in every province (mafia)
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9
Q

Money laundering

A
  • any transaction used to make ill-gotten gains look clean
  • involves 3 steps… (1) placement (into financial system) (2) layering (transactions to look legit) (3) integration (legitimate money in system)
  • become very sophisticated cuz of… (1) opening of international borders (2) use of internet for money transfer
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10
Q

Outlaw motorcycle gangs…

A
  • Hells Angels most notorious
  • very sophisticated
  • police struggle to do anything cuz they are limited in what they can really do
  • typically consist of a vertical chain of command with at least 3 tiers
  • no control method is highly effective
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11
Q

organized crime groups vs other groups

A
  • government is like organized crime groups in the way that they have a sophisticated beurocracy & share many administrative, operation & organizational traits
  • governemnts also engage in illegal activities
  • terrorist organizations are like organized crime groups with the things they do but their aims are different
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12
Q

*White collar crime

A
  • refers to illegal activities conducted by employees & officers of a comany for person gain or benefit of the company
  • committed by institutions & individuals occupting a legitimate, respectful status
  • violations are directed towards financial advantage, for the maintenance & extension of power & privilege (e.g. fraud & embezzlement)
  • first coined in the 90s by Sutherland… says a crime is committed by a person of respectability and high social status in the course of their occupation
  • White-collar crimes involving employees stealing from a corporation are sometimes described as victimless crimes
  • difficult to detect & prosecute
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13
Q

Corporate crime is…

A
  • *involves illegal acts deliberately carried out by employees to benefit the corporations financial performance
  • committed by powerful groups in society
  • modern phenomenon
  • most common violation is a restraint of trade
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14
Q

*Similarities & differences of white-collar & corporate crime…

A
  • difference = you have to look at who benefits from the illegal activity (individual = white collar) (corporation = corporate)
  • similarities = both take place in the buisiness world
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15
Q

regulating corporate crime

A
  • criminal law regulating corporate crime is poorly defined & violators are usually dealt with outside of the CJS
  • compensation & victim appearment are common strategies to avoid prosecution
  • legislation poorly enforced
  • most are dealt with as fraud/embezzlement
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16
Q

Theory of reintegrative shaming

A
  • theory combines elements of labelling, subculture, control, opportunity & learning
  • disintegrative shaming = negative, doesn’t provide offender w/ opportunity to make amends & drives offender to further acts of deviance/criminal behaviour
  • reintegrative shaming = involves effect to bring offenders back into the community
17
Q

differential association to explain corporate crime

A
  • crimes committed by ‘respectable’ ppl
  • theory emphasizes the individual (micro) rather than the organization, which poses a conceptual problem
  • Sutherland’s theory is better suited to explain occupation crime
18
Q

conflict perspective to explain corporate crime

A
  • focus on ‘external factors of influence’
  • Businesses in a market economy are motivated to maximize profit, ensure perpetual growth, monopolize their market and have free rein over their operations
  • Government regulations generally serve to restrict natural growth
  • The pressure to succeed and excel can create conflict and this can also result in inducing deviance among certain employees
19
Q

theory of neutralization to explain corporate crime

A
  • offers a concise account of how the techniques of neutralization can be ap-lied to the wya companies justify illegal behaviour
20
Q

underlying themes of most explanations of corporate crime is the concept of….

A
  • stress
  • strain is an external factor… company owners & employees experience internal stess
  • we need an interdisciplinary approach to this stuff
21
Q

*Occupational crime

A
  • crimes in which a person takes advantage of their occupation to commit fraud, embezzlement & theft
  • non-white collar workers who commit crime within the course of hteir occupations
  • blue-collar criminals
22
Q

*cybercrime is…

A
  • Any crime that involves the use of computer tech or the internet
23
Q

Similarities between cybercrime & organized/corporate crime…

A
  • both transnational w/ no borders
  • sophisticated w/ networks of individuals & coordinanted operations
  • high-profit low-risk enterprise & way more expensive to society than conventional crimes
  • can be motivated by political/activist agenda
  • difficult to control & prosecute
24
Q

*4 types of hackers

A
  1. black hats
  2. white hats
  3. grey hats
  4. suicide hackers
25
Q

*black hats

A
  • hackers with good compuer skills & desire to cause harm, whether for revenge, profit or sport
26
Q

*white hats

A
  • can have good intentions (e.g. exposing vulnerabilities in secure networks so they can be fixed)
  • think they are acting morally
  • sometimes hired as security analysts
  • e.g. someone released stuff stolen from the US army
27
Q

*grey hat

A
  • controversial cuz straddles line between legal & illegal activity
  • performs both defensive & offensive activities
  • e.g. the group ‘anonymous’
28
Q

*suicide hackers

A
  • want to cause harm, have no care about being caught
29
Q

*section 342.1 and 430 of the Criminal Code of Canada describe coputer crime as …

A
  • Destroying data, altering data, rendering data meaningless, and/or interfering with someone using legitimate data
30
Q

*Apprehension & prosecution…

A
  • catching them is hard
  • most are young, highly educated, highly skilled & very sophisticated
  • often are a step ahead of authorities
  • there is a shortage of officers in Canada who are trained in computer techniques
31
Q

Different forms of cybercrime

A
  • theft & illegal use of information (identity theft/fraud)
  • child sexual exploitation
  • cyberbullying

2266 Crime + Society (9 decks)

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