Week 11 pt.1 : Unconventional crimes Flashcards
1
Q
History of organized crime…
A
- sea piracy is the earliest example of organized crime
- Canada-Unisted States Cross-Border Crime Forums (CBCF) started in 1997 to address transnational & unconventional crime issues between the 2 countries
- organized crime is a transnational phenomenon
2
Q
Defining organized crime…
A
- broad concept encompassing various activities & methods
- definitions share several terms…
1. supplying of illegal goods and services
2. involvement of predatory crime
3. transnational dimension
3
Q
organized crime groups are…
A
- non-ideological (no political affiliation)
- hierarchial
- limited membership
- perpetous (ongoing & overtime)
- organized through specialization or division of labour
- monopolistic (geographical area)
- governed by rules & regulations
4
Q
main activities recognized by RCMP that criminal organizations are involved in…
A
- alien smuggling
- armed assault
- car theft
- drug dealing
- fraud
- trafficking in humans, radioactive material & weapons
- smuggling of precious & antique goods
- exploitation through prostitutions
- chemical terrorism
- gambling
- embezzling from industries & financial institutions
- infitration & control of private & commercial banks
- control of illicit/black markets
5
Q
Organized crime groups in Canada
A
- over 2,000 organized crime groups in Canada
- only 135 RCMP organized crime units
- indigenous crime groups & youth gangs, cartels, ethnic crime groups, money laundering & outlaw motorcycle gangs
6
Q
Indigenous crime groups & youth gangs
A
- Indigenous crime groups have drawn increasing attention since early 1900s because of escalating involvement in crimina gangs
- Indigenous crime groups can make a million bucks with a single trailer full of cigs
- indigenous youth gang activities… almost 8,000 members, crimes of opportunity
- best solution to fighting indigenous crime organizations may lie in ending the persistet marginalization
7
Q
Cartels…
A
- cartel is informal association of independent commerical enterprises designed to limit competition
- transcend nations (global reach)
- threats to democracy, national security & international development
- we have created an environment favourable to the spread of these chemicals with… changes in economy, relaxed visa requirements & political instability in various parts of the world
8
Q
Ethnic crime groups
A
- diff groups involved in diff types of criminal behaviour & use diff strategies
- most ethnic gang activity is in BC, Ontario & Quebec
- groups are known for violence usually through drive-by shootings, home invations & extortion, etc.
- Italian-based organized crime has been reported in every province (mafia)
9
Q
Money laundering
A
- any transaction used to make ill-gotten gains look clean
- involves 3 steps… (1) placement (into financial system) (2) layering (transactions to look legit) (3) integration (legitimate money in system)
- become very sophisticated cuz of… (1) opening of international borders (2) use of internet for money transfer
10
Q
Outlaw motorcycle gangs…
A
- Hells Angels most notorious
- very sophisticated
- police struggle to do anything cuz they are limited in what they can really do
- typically consist of a vertical chain of command with at least 3 tiers
- no control method is highly effective
11
Q
organized crime groups vs other groups
A
- government is like organized crime groups in the way that they have a sophisticated beurocracy & share many administrative, operation & organizational traits
- governemnts also engage in illegal activities
- terrorist organizations are like organized crime groups with the things they do but their aims are different
12
Q
*White collar crime
A
- refers to illegal activities conducted by employees & officers of a comany for person gain or benefit of the company
- committed by institutions & individuals occupting a legitimate, respectful status
- violations are directed towards financial advantage, for the maintenance & extension of power & privilege (e.g. fraud & embezzlement)
- first coined in the 90s by Sutherland… says a crime is committed by a person of respectability and high social status in the course of their occupation
- White-collar crimes involving employees stealing from a corporation are sometimes described as victimless crimes
- difficult to detect & prosecute
13
Q
Corporate crime is…
A
- *involves illegal acts deliberately carried out by employees to benefit the corporations financial performance
- committed by powerful groups in society
- modern phenomenon
- most common violation is a restraint of trade
14
Q
*Similarities & differences of white-collar & corporate crime…
A
- difference = you have to look at who benefits from the illegal activity (individual = white collar) (corporation = corporate)
- similarities = both take place in the buisiness world
15
Q
regulating corporate crime
A
- criminal law regulating corporate crime is poorly defined & violators are usually dealt with outside of the CJS
- compensation & victim appearment are common strategies to avoid prosecution
- legislation poorly enforced
- most are dealt with as fraud/embezzlement
16
Q
Theory of reintegrative shaming
A
- theory combines elements of labelling, subculture, control, opportunity & learning
- disintegrative shaming = negative, doesn’t provide offender w/ opportunity to make amends & drives offender to further acts of deviance/criminal behaviour
- reintegrative shaming = involves effect to bring offenders back into the community
17
Q
differential association to explain corporate crime
A
- crimes committed by ‘respectable’ ppl
- theory emphasizes the individual (micro) rather than the organization, which poses a conceptual problem
- Sutherland’s theory is better suited to explain occupation crime
18
Q
conflict perspective to explain corporate crime
A
- focus on ‘external factors of influence’
- Businesses in a market economy are motivated to maximize profit, ensure perpetual growth, monopolize their market and have free rein over their operations
- Government regulations generally serve to restrict natural growth
- The pressure to succeed and excel can create conflict and this can also result in inducing deviance among certain employees
19
Q
theory of neutralization to explain corporate crime
A
- offers a concise account of how the techniques of neutralization can be ap-lied to the wya companies justify illegal behaviour
20
Q
underlying themes of most explanations of corporate crime is the concept of….
A
- stress
- strain is an external factor… company owners & employees experience internal stess
- we need an interdisciplinary approach to this stuff
21
Q
*Occupational crime
A
- crimes in which a person takes advantage of their occupation to commit fraud, embezzlement & theft
- non-white collar workers who commit crime within the course of hteir occupations
- blue-collar criminals
22
Q
*cybercrime is…
A
- Any crime that involves the use of computer tech or the internet
23
Q
Similarities between cybercrime & organized/corporate crime…
A
- both transnational w/ no borders
- sophisticated w/ networks of individuals & coordinanted operations
- high-profit low-risk enterprise & way more expensive to society than conventional crimes
- can be motivated by political/activist agenda
- difficult to control & prosecute
24
Q
*4 types of hackers
A
- black hats
- white hats
- grey hats
- suicide hackers
25
Q
*black hats
A
- hackers with good compuer skills & desire to cause harm, whether for revenge, profit or sport
26
Q
*white hats
A
- can have good intentions (e.g. exposing vulnerabilities in secure networks so they can be fixed)
- think they are acting morally
- sometimes hired as security analysts
- e.g. someone released stuff stolen from the US army
27
Q
*grey hat
A
- controversial cuz straddles line between legal & illegal activity
- performs both defensive & offensive activities
- e.g. the group ‘anonymous’
28
Q
*suicide hackers
A
- want to cause harm, have no care about being caught
29
Q
*section 342.1 and 430 of the Criminal Code of Canada describe coputer crime as …
A
- Destroying data, altering data, rendering data meaningless, and/or interfering with someone using legitimate data
30
Q
*Apprehension & prosecution…
A
- catching them is hard
- most are young, highly educated, highly skilled & very sophisticated
- often are a step ahead of authorities
- there is a shortage of officers in Canada who are trained in computer techniques
31
Q
Different forms of cybercrime
A
- theft & illegal use of information (identity theft/fraud)
- child sexual exploitation
- cyberbullying
