Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

2266 Crime + Society > Week 10 pt.1 : Violent crime > Flashcards

Week 10 pt.1 : Violent crime Flashcards

You may prefer our related Brainscape-certified flashcards:
Sociology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Violent crime…

A
  • *general category of crime that includes homicide, attempted murder, robbery, assault & other serious offences that involve the physical violation of a person
  • conventional crimes
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Violent crime rates over time…

A
  • rates of murder & assault way lower than before 1800s : cuz cultural & demographic changes from urbanization & more wealth so more attention to combatting crime
  • violent crime quadrupled in Canada in 1962-1992… but declined by 9% between 2007-2017
  • violent crime represents only 10% of all criminal violations, but has considerable media & public
  • the financial cost of crime to Canadians has been increasing
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Why are stats not always great?

A
  • do not represent whole picture (crime funnel)
  • do not indicate who is committing which crimes and why
  • violence not considered a crime (like deadly force by police officers) is not in the statistics
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What is homicide?

A
  • *act of causing the death of another person, whether direcrly or indirectly, by an unlawful act or by negligence
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Culpable vs non-culpable homicides

A
  • *culpable homicide = a criminal offence,
  • *non-culpable homicide = not a criminal offence (legally justified)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Homicide vs murder

A
  • homicide = encompasses first- and second-degree murder & infanticide & manslaughter
  • murder = the unlawful, often planned & deliberate taking of a persons life
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Criminal code divides homicide into 4 subcategories based on intent & nature of killings…

A
  1. *first-degree murder = culpable, planned & deliberate, can be killing somoene while commiting another offence
  2. *second-degree murder = all murder that isn’t 1st degree, not planned but deliberate
  3. *manslaughter = unintentional killing of another person (provoked, high/drunk, being reckless/careless) even if it results from an intention to cause harm
  4. *Infanticide = female causes death of newly born kid if they are under the age of 1 (deliberate or neglect)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Rates and trends of homicide…

A
  • *2020 Alberta & nova scotia had highest rates of homicide since 1961… there was an increase in domestic violence because of the lockdown
  • 2020 homicide rates higher than the average for previous decade
  • *stabbing was the most common but firearms passed it in 2016-2020
  • *majority of homicides commited still is usually a person known to the victim
  • 2020 IPV accounted for 1/10 of police-reported solved homicides
  • 28% of homicide victims in 2020 were indigenous
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

*Types of homicides…

A
  • Mass murder = killing a number of ppl at the same time & place (school shootings e.g.) & often ends with murderer dying at scene (suicide/lethal police action)
  • Serial murder = killing a number of ppl over a period of time (3+ seperate events) & usually white men aged 20-30 & most likely to kill strangers (vulnerable ppl)… not many serial killers are female (10-15%)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

*Holmes & DeBurger typologies of serial killers… (4)

A
  1. visionary
  2. mission oriented
  3. hedonistic
  4. power/control oriented
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

*1 - visionary

A
  • result of some form of psychosis
  • killer out of touch w/ reality & feel compelled to commit murder from visions/voices in their heads
  • e.g. David Berkowitz (Sons of Sam killer)… claimed he was obeying the orders of a demon & member of a satanic cult, confessed to 8 murders & suspected of many arsons
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

*2 - mission oriented

A
  • mission in life is to kill certain kinds of individuals
  • the individuals that they consider as undesireable & seek to eliminate them
  • e.g. Robert Pickton… Canada’s deadliest serial killer charged with 22 counts of first degree murder (up to 60 expected), pig farmer in BC whos mission was to eliminate sex workers
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

*3 - hedonistic

A
  • thrill seeker killers
  • get excitement & sexual pleasure from the act of killing (emotional rush)
  • typically above average in intelligence - larger ability to not be caught by police
  • not a lot of planning goes into their attacks
  • e.g. Jeffrey Dahmer… raped, murdered & dismembered 17 boys/men & had extended periods of torture
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

*4 - Power/control oriented

A
  • enjoy having complete control over their victims
  • sexual activity is almost always involved but they gain their satisfaction by just having complete control
  • fueled by planning, very methodological
  • e.g. Ted Bundy… kidnapped, raped & killed women
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Silverman & Kennedy suggest that 2 classes of theories deal w/ homicide…

A
  1. individual social interaction & conflict = includes Hirschi’s social control theory, general theory of crime, power control theory, routine activity theory, etc.
  2. focuses on the social strucutre within society = with these theories, crime is subject to the effects of the economy, inequality & social disorganization
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Sexual assault…

A
  • *cuts across all social classes & ages in Canada
  • more commonly by someone the victim knows
  • *more common for men –> women… often viewed as a gendered violence
17
Q

sexual assault in the criminal code…

A
  • in 1983 the code was revised with addition of sections 271 & 272
  • replaced rape and indecent assault with sexual assault, aggravated sexual assault & sexual assault with a weapon
  • it is also now aloud for polie to arrest a suspect when they have ‘reasonable & probable grounds’
18
Q

Criminal code recognizes 3 levels sexual assault…

A
  1. level 1 assault (s.271) = common assault, no serious bodily harm or physica injury to the victim
  2. level 2 assault (s.272) = more force or threatened force (e.g. with a weapon) is used & a degree of bodily harm was inflicted by the offender
  3. level 3 asault (s.273) = aggravated assault, the victim is disfigured, maimed, wounded or has their life endangered
19
Q

*Charatceristic of perpetrators & victims

A
  • median age of men charged = 33
  • median age of women charged = 28
  • median age of victims = 18 (male victims usually younger then female)
  • women between ages of 15-24 were significantly more likely to be victims of sexual assault
  • victimization of Indigenous (3x) & LGBTQ+ more likely than other identities
  • super underreported so we dont acc know real rates
  • From 2015-2016, sexual violations against kids jumped 30%
  • Sexual assault rates higher outside major cities (highest in the territories)
20
Q

Theoretical efforts to explain characteristics of perps & vicitms in sexual assault

A
  1. offenders personal pathologies = among adult & adolescent male sexual offenders, primary predictor of sexual assault was anti-social orientation
  2. sociological studies = point to such factors as social learning processes in environments w/ higher levels of violence & the mass media
  3. feminist theories = consider sexual violence as a product of patriarchy in which men dominate all aspects of life, including women
  4. evolutionary psychologists = study how sexual offending may be related to reproductive success in ancestral environments
21
Q

Interpreting trends in reporting

A
  • *sexual assault is underreported
  • *reasons victims of sexual assault give for not reporting these crimes include… the incident wasn’t important enough or the victim feared police would not think its important enough
  • only 5% of sexual assaults of women 15+ were brought to the attention of the police
  • 1/20 sexual assaults are reported
  • Investigators dismiss 1 in 5 reports of sexual assault as ‘unfounded’
22
Q

family violence is…

A

considered to be any form of abuse, mistreatment or neglect that a child or adult experiences from a family member/from someone with whom they have an intimate relationship

23
Q

Family violence stats…

A
  • 1/4 of all violent crimes in 2019 were family violence
  • 67% vicitms women & girls
  • indigneous women more likely
  • lesbian/bisexual greater risk of experiencing violence by a partner
  • most domestic violence against men is not reported to the police
  • stalking & harassment can happen after a victim leaves
  • primary trigger is when one partner feels the neex to control/dominate the other partner
24
Q

Elder abuse

A
  • affects almost half of ppl over 65
  • commited by offenders known to victim usually, in form of fincancial/emotional abuse (stranger financial rising tho)
  • pandemic accelerated financial elder abuse
25
Q

Robbery fear

A
  • one of the most feared crimes common to large urban centres because of its sudden nature & the threat of death or serious injury
  • robbery has a double element of fear… (1) fear of losing ones property (2) fear of suffering physical harm
  • not that common tho (6% of all violent crimes)
26
Q

definition of robbery in the criminal code s.343… everyone commits robbery who…

A
  1. steals & uses violence/threats of violence to a person/property for extorting stolen goods/to prevent/overcome resistance to the theft
  2. steals from any person & wounds, beats, strikes of afflicts someone while stealing or immedietly before or after
  3. assaults any person with intent to steal
  4. steals from any person while armed with an offensive weapon/imitation thereof
27
Q

Characteristics of Robbery and Robbers

A
  • most robbers are amateur petty criminals and opportunists
  • but some specialize in robbery & carefully plan & select targets
  • 90% committed by young males
  • money most commonly stolen
28
Q

‘causes’ of robbery

A
  • high unemployment rate among names 15-24 might explain trends in robbery
  • different types of robbers… opportunistic, professional & complusive/addict
  • more than 80% of ppl convicted are incarcerated
29
Q

Honour killings (new form of violence)

A
  • Canada is one of the most receptive Western countries in welcoming immigrants
  • in early 2000s, honour killings entered public consciousness, through sensationalized media accounts of domestic homicide carried out supposedly to preserve a family’s reputation
  • There have been over a dozen identified honour killings in Canada since 2002
30
Q

*what is hate crime? (new forms of violence)

A
  • interpersonal violent crime motivated by bias, hatred/prejudice against victims who may (actual or perceived) be characterized by a particular physical or social trait (colour, religion, nationality, gender, (dis)ability, sexual orientation)
  • relative & evolutive construct
  • Generally spontaneous & can be motivated by victims just going about their normal daily activities
  • In 2019, 1,946 hate-motivated incidents were reported to police (sexual orientation most violent & race motivated ones increased during pandemic)
  • While hate crime is generally classified as a crime of violence, it can also be a property-related offence
31
Q

Under sections 318-320 of the Criminal Code, there are four specific forms of hate crime…

A
  1. advocating genocide
  2. publicly inciting hatred
  3. wilfully promoting hatred
  4. vandalism in relation to religious property
32
Q

*Hate crime can be divided into 3 types based on the motives for the crime…

A
  1. thrill-seeking hate crimes
  2. reactive hate crimes
  3. mission hate crimes
33
Q

*1 - Thrill seeking hate crimes

A
  • Sadistic sense of satisfaction from threatening and/or terrorizing their targeted group
34
Q

*2 - reactive hate crimes

A
  • ‘Outsider’ is seen as threat then they become the victim of a reactive hate crime
  • Committed by individuals who are acting out of a misguided sense of righteousness + loyalty to the community
  • Rationalize their behaviour
  • E.g. covid hurting Asians
35
Q

*3 - mission hate crimes

A
  • Think its their duty/mission to seek out and eliminate people who they think threaten their beliefs
  • Most dangerous cuz seek to eliminate a whole group that they think is undesirable

2266 Crime + Society (9 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions