Week 11 - Neurodegenerative Diseases

Question 1

What is the mean age of onset of PD?

Answer 1

55-60

Question 2

How many stages are in Hoehn and Yahr’s (1967) stages of PD?

Answer 2

5

Question 3

Describe stage 1 of Hoehn and Yahr’s stages of PD

Answer 3

Mild symptoms that will have little affect on everyday functioning.
- A slight tremor may be present.
- The person may be showing changes in posture, balance and facial expressions.

Question 4

Describe stage 2 of Hoehn and Yahr’s stages of PD

Answer 4

• Symptoms become bilateral.
• Mild difficulties with trunk mobility and postural reflexes .

Question 5

Describe stage 3 of Hoehn and Yahr’s stages of PD

Answer 5

• Postural instability
• Mild-moderate impact on functioning

Question 6

Describe stage 4 of Hoehn and Yahr’s stages of PD

Answer 6

• Increased difficulties with posture
• Decreased manipulation and dexterity
• Moderate-major impact on functioning

Question 7

Describe stage 5 of Hoehn and Yahr’s stages of PD

Answer 7

A wheelchair is required

Question 8

What are the 3 main signs of PD?

Answer 8

1. Tremor
2. Rigidity
3. Bradykinesia (slow movements)

Other common signs include:
- Postural instability
- Lack of postural reflexes
- Akinesia (freezing)

Question 9

Define Akinesia

Answer 9

Absence or impairment of movement (freezing)

Question 10

Define Anosmia

Answer 10

Loss of smell

Question 11

Define Bradykinesia

Answer 11

Slowed movements

Question 12

Define Dementia

Answer 12

Decreased cognitive ability resulting from natural causes

Question 13

Define Dyskinesia

Answer 13

Diminished voluntary movements

Question 14

Define Festination

Answer 14

Involuntary quickening of gait and shuffling

Question 15

Define Micrographia

Answer 15

Small handwriting

Question 16

Define Microphonia

Answer 16

Decreased speech volume

Question 17

Define Sialorrhea

Answer 17

Excessive saliva

Question 18

Define Dystonia

Answer 18

Sustained twisting and posturing of a muscle group

Question 19

Is pain subjective or objective?

Answer 19

Subjective

Question 20

What is the difference between pain intensity and extensity?

Answer 20

Pain intensity: How sore is it? Use a rating scale
Pain extensity: Where is it sore? Use a body map

Question 21

What are three pain behaviours you can observe?

Answer 21

• Noises in response to pain (groaning, gasping, yelling etc)
• Facial expressions (grimacing, closing eyes etc)
• Defence (deliberately not moving when experiencing pain)

Question 22

What is the main goal of OT for clients with neurodegenerative conditions?

Answer 22

To maintain and improve occupational performance and participations

Question 23

What are the guidlines to design novel strategies according to the difficulties presented?

Answer 23

1. Normal movement in possible
2. Break movements down into smaller components
3. Constant attention/focus of client (cognitive strategy)
4. Prompts and cues to initiate and maintain movement
5. Avoid simultaneous motor tasks (cognitive and motor is fine)

Question 24

What does MS stand for?

Answer 24

Multiple Sclerosis

Question 25

What does “multiple” mean in MS?

Answer 25

Both time and location of MS lesions and relapses

Question 26

What does “sclerosis” mean in MS?

Answer 26

The hardening or sclerotic plagues that are the scar tissue resulting from autoimmune attacks on the CNS

Question 27

What is axonal transection?

Answer 27

When axons are permanently destroyed and loose all potential for conduction.

Question 28

What is the peak age of diagnosis for MS?

Answer 28

Between 20-30

Question 29

What are the four types of MS?

Answer 29

• Relapsing-remitting (RRMS)
• Secondary progressive (SPMS)
• Primary progressive (PPMS)
• Progressive-relapsing (PRMS)

Question 30

Describe the relapsing-remitting type of MS

Answer 30

• The most common form of MS
• Attacks are followed by periods of partial or complete recovery.
• During recovery, some symptoms may disappear and some may become permanent.
• There is no apparent progression of the disease during periods of recovery.

Question 31

Describe the secondary progressive type of MS

Answer 31

• Initial relapsing-remitting course - SPMS will often occur after RRMS
• Will eventually result in worsening of neurological function

Question 32

Describe the primary progressive type of MS

Answer 32

• Worsening of neurologic function from the onset of symptoms without early relapses or remissions

Question 33

Describe the progressive-relapsing type of MS

Answer 33

• Worsening of neurologic function from the onset of symptoms with relapses or remissions.