Week 11 - Neurodegenerative Diseases Flashcards
What is the mean age of onset of PD?
55-60
How many stages are in Hoehn and Yahr’s (1967) stages of PD?
5
Describe stage 1 of Hoehn and Yahr’s stages of PD
Mild symptoms that will have little affect on everyday functioning.
- A slight tremor may be present.
- The person may be showing changes in posture, balance and facial expressions.
Describe stage 2 of Hoehn and Yahr’s stages of PD
- Symptoms become bilateral.
- Mild difficulties with trunk mobility and postural reflexes .
Describe stage 3 of Hoehn and Yahr’s stages of PD
- Postural instability
- Mild-moderate impact on functioning
Describe stage 4 of Hoehn and Yahr’s stages of PD
- Increased difficulties with posture
- Decreased manipulation and dexterity
- Moderate-major impact on functioning
Describe stage 5 of Hoehn and Yahr’s stages of PD
A wheelchair is required
What are the 3 main signs of PD?
- Tremor
- Rigidity
- Bradykinesia (slow movements)
Other common signs include:
- Postural instability
- Lack of postural reflexes
- Akinesia (freezing)
Define Akinesia
Absence or impairment of movement (freezing)
Define Anosmia
Loss of smell
Define Bradykinesia
Slowed movements
Define Dementia
Decreased cognitive ability resulting from natural causes
Define Dyskinesia
Diminished voluntary movements
Define Festination
Involuntary quickening of gait and shuffling
Define Micrographia
Small handwriting
Define Microphonia
Decreased speech volume
Define Sialorrhea
Excessive saliva
Define Dystonia
Sustained twisting and posturing of a muscle group
Is pain subjective or objective?
Subjective
What is the difference between pain intensity and extensity?
Pain intensity: How sore is it? Use a rating scale
Pain extensity: Where is it sore? Use a body map
What are three pain behaviours you can observe?
- Noises in response to pain (groaning, gasping, yelling etc)
- Facial expressions (grimacing, closing eyes etc)
- Defence (deliberately not moving when experiencing pain)
What is the main goal of OT for clients with neurodegenerative conditions?
To maintain and improve occupational performance and participations
What are the guidlines to design novel strategies according to the difficulties presented?
- Normal movement in possible
- Break movements down into smaller components
- Constant attention/focus of client (cognitive strategy)
- Prompts and cues to initiate and maintain movement
- Avoid simultaneous motor tasks (cognitive and motor is fine)
What does MS stand for?
Multiple Sclerosis
What does “multiple” mean in MS?
Both time and location of MS lesions and relapses
What does “sclerosis” mean in MS?
The hardening or sclerotic plagues that are the scar tissue resulting from autoimmune attacks on the CNS
What is axonal transection?
When axons are permanently destroyed and loose all potential for conduction.
What is the peak age of diagnosis for MS?
Between 20-30
What are the four types of MS?
- Relapsing-remitting (RRMS)
- Secondary progressive (SPMS)
- Primary progressive (PPMS)
- Progressive-relapsing (PRMS)
Describe the relapsing-remitting type of MS
- The most common form of MS
- Attacks are followed by periods of partial or complete recovery.
- During recovery, some symptoms may disappear and some may become permanent.
- There is no apparent progression of the disease during periods of recovery.
Describe the secondary progressive type of MS
- Initial relapsing-remitting course - SPMS will often occur after RRMS
- Will eventually result in worsening of neurological function
Describe the primary progressive type of MS
- Worsening of neurologic function from the onset of symptoms without early relapses or remissions
Describe the progressive-relapsing type of MS
- Worsening of neurologic function from the onset of symptoms with relapses or remissions.
