Week 11 Motivation, Self Cognition & Language Flashcards
What is the difference between intrinsic and extrinsic motivation?
Intrinsic Motivation is the desire to engage in an activity because we enjoy it or find it interesting
Extrinsic Motivation is the desire to engage in an activity because of external rewards or pressures
What is the overjustification effect in motivation?
The tendency for people to view their behavior as caused by compelling extrinsic reasons, making them underestimate the extent to which it was caused by intrinsic reasons
When does the overjustification effect occur?
When external rewards are given to performing behaviours, the expectation of reward lowered intrinsic motivation and performance, found through children’s subsequent engagement in drawing over the next few days and their overall
How does monetary reward impact intrinsic motivation and performance?
When monetary award was varied, they found that the high reward condition yielded lower results in performance on a memory game
but anxiety and pressure could have influenced people’s performance in a task when high monetary value was at stake
What type of task optimises performance with high rewards?
Simple, mundane easy tasks result in higher performance with high rewards, probably because most people don’t have much innate intrinsic motivation to being with
Whereas more complex mathematical tasks showed a decrease in performance in high rewards, because people would start to overestimate external factors as motivation, lowering internal engagement and performance
Should good employees be paid bonuses for extra work?
Only good policy for simple tasks, as more complex tasks will lead to decrease performance when extrinsic motivation is given through reward
But extrinsic motivation is still important in relation to job motivation. There is a linear increase between amount that people earn and happiness up to a point
How do you encourage a child to increase motivation and engagement in a task?
Avoid giving child extrinsic motivation, ie. rewards, but rather encourage their reflection of their own intrinsic motivation of drawing, ie. What do you like most about drawing?
What is the relationship between operant conditioning and motivation?
OC proposes that reinforcement through the addition of something positive (positive reinforcement) or the subtraction of something negative (negative reinforcement) should increase behaviour.
In contrast, motivation shows that constant rewards, which may be likened to reinforcement, may actually decrease behaviour through undermining one’s intrinsic motivation for a task.
OC and motivation have differences in how they predict behaviour, both are connected in the way that they show what leads to changes in the likelihood of encouraging behaviour.
How is self-cognition determined in chimps in the mirror test? (Gallup)
Self-recognition is measured in the mirror over time, by a decrease in social responses and increase in self-directed responses
What are 5 criticisms of self-recognition mirror test as a sign of self-cognition?
Signs of false negatives!
1. Some animals may not react to the mark because they deem it unimportant/ don’t do self-grooming
- Animals might not react in an overt ways with looking behaviours as vision is not their primary sensory modality
- Very aggressive behaviours in gorillas may overshadow ability to learn self-recognition
- Mirrors are not naturally occurring in the environment
- Does the mirror test actually imply self-awareness?
How is The Self-prioritisation effect (SPE) measured to avoid familiarity is?
Matching task - does this shape correspond to the identity? (Example, false), through a series of trials
Results show that participants are faster and more accurate at pairing shapes that had been assigned to themselves compared to shapes assigned to the friend or the stranger
Uses Remember d prime = perceptual sensitivity to hits and false alarms
What are 3 evidence points that cognitive and affective empathy are separate?
- Affective empathy appears earlier in development
- Double dissociation in patients with certain brain damage can result in patients having impaired CE, or impaired AE but intact CE
- AE and CE have different qualitative relationships with attentional and cognitive control
What are 2 examples of double dissociations of empathy in clinical disorders?
- ASD can have impaired CE but intact AE (don’t understand someone’s thoughts (CE) but still feel distress at their distress (AE))
- Psychopathy with callous unemotional traits have intact CE but impaired AE, they are able to understand another’s perspective (CE) but are unable to feel another’s emotions/have an emotional response (AE)
What is empathic concern?
A motivation dimension of empathy about desiring the wellbeing of others, eg. Eg. seeing a friend cry after a breakup, empathic concern would be wanting them to get into a happier, healthier relationship
What are some affective vs. cognitive empathy qualities?
Affective empathy
- feeling what someone else is feeling (similar to emotional contagion)
- same or complementary emotion in debate
Cognitive empathy
- understanding another person’s thoughts, feelings and beliefs to understand their perspective
- You understand the reasons for their behaviour but don’t invoke an emotional response
