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EMRG 1305 > Week 11- Geriatrics & Infectious Diseases > Flashcards

Week 11- Geriatrics & Infectious Diseases Flashcards

1
Q

What ages does changes start to happen to geriatrics?

A
  • Starts at age 65, but the aging process proceeds at different rates in different people, and organ systems age at differing rates within the individual
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2
Q

What respiratory changes occur in geriatrics?

A
  • Decreases in the elasticity of the lungs in the size and strength of respiratory muscles
  • Cartilage gets harder and less flexible
  • Vital capacity decreases
  • Residual volume increases
  • Air flow deteriorates
  • Respiratory rates increase
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3
Q

What blood flow changes occur in geriatrics?

A
  • Results in declining PaO2 (partial pressure of oxygen)
  • Respiratory drive becomes dulled
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4
Q

What are the musculoskeletal changes that affect the resp system?

A
  • Kyphosis
  • The thoracic cages becomes increasingly stiff
  • Chest expansion limited by decreased pulmonary muscle strength/ mass
  • Lungs’ defense mechanisms become less effective
  • Cough and gag reflexes decrease with age
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5
Q

What cardiovascular system changes occur in geriatrics?

A
  • There in an increase in cholesterol deposits as well internal thickening of arteries; more prone to MI/ HTN
  • There is increase in peripheral vascular resistance (afterload) decreasing cardiac output; more prone to CHF
  • Arrhythmias are very common
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6
Q

What are the overall decrease in efficiency of cardiovascular for geriatrics?

A
  • Heart hypertrophies (has to work harder)
  • Cardiac output declines
  • Arteriosclerosis
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7
Q

What are the electrical changes occurring in geriatrics?

A

Electrical conduction system of the heart undergoes changes over time
- Number of pacemaker cells in the SA node decrease
- Leading to bradycardia

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8
Q

What renal system changes occur in geriatrics?

A

Renal blood flow declines, which decreases renal function, this can cause:
- Decreased clearance of toxins & prescription drugs, as well as increased fluid retention= peripheral edema
- Severe renal disease can lead to hyperkalemia, and cardiac arrest if untreated
- Capacity of bladder decreases
- Enlargement of the prostate; voiding difficulty

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9
Q

What are the nervous system changes in geriatrics?

A
  • Atrophy of brain tissue “shrinkage”
  • Cerebral vascular changes- blood vessels becomes harder & more prone to occlusions
  • Decrease in pain receptors sensitivity- therefore pain threshold is higher
  • Gait & balance can be impaired, leading to more falls/ trauma
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10
Q

What sense changes occur in geriatrics?

A
  • Taste and smell become diminished
  • Visual changes
  • Decreases in visual acuity
  • Hearing loss
  • Sense of body position becomes impaired
  • Less steady on their feet
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11
Q

What bone changes occur in geriatrics?

A
  • Widespread decrease in bone mass
  • Become brittle and break more easily
  • Synovial fluid in the joints thickens
  • Cartilage in the joints decreases
  • Decrease in height
  • Joints lose flexibility and may be further immobilized by arthritic changes
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12
Q

What muscle changes occur in geriatrics?

A
  • Tendons and ligaments lose elasticity
  • Muscle mass and strength decrease
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13
Q

What digestive changes (mouth) occur in geriatrics?

A
  • Decrease in appetite from diminished sense of taste & smell
  • Reduction in the volume of saliva
  • Dental loss is not a normal result of the aging process
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14
Q

What gastric secretions occur in geriatrics?

A
  • Reduced as a person ages
  • Enough acid remains to produce ulcers under certain conditions
  • Changes in gastric motility
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15
Q

What are the Integumentary changes in geriatrics?

A

Wrinkling and loss or resiliency:
- Skin becomes thinner, drier, less elastic, and more fragile
- Subcutaneous fat becomes thinner
- Bruising becomes more common
- Elastin and collagen decrease
- Thinner skin, tears more easily
- Sebaceous glands produce less oil
- Sweat gland activity decreases
- Hair follicles produce thinner hair or may stop producing hair

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16
Q

How does blood vessels supplying the skin change?

A
  • Affected by atherosclerosis
  • Provide less oxygenated blood at the cellular level
  • Epidermal cells develop more slowly
  • High risk for secondary infection, such as skin tears, pressure ulcers, skin tumors, as well as viral and fungal skin infections of the skin
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17
Q

What are the bowel changes in geriatrics?

A
  • Function changes little as age increases
  • Incidence of certain disease increases (diverticulosis)
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18
Q

What are the liver changes in geriatrics?

A
  • Changes in hepatic enzyme systems
  • Detoxification of meds declines as a person ages
  • When pt’s are prescribed numerous meds, the risk for hepatic damage or med toxicity increases
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19
Q

What are common medical conditions in the elderly?

A
  • MI/ Arrhythmia
  • CHF/ COPD/ Pneumonia/ PE
  • UTI/ Urosepsis
  • Diabetes
  • Arthritis/ osteoarthritis
  • GI disturbances/ bleeds
  • CVA
  • Falls
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20
Q

What are bloodborne pathogens?

A
  • Are microorganisms present in human blood that are able to cause disease
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21
Q

What are some defenses against infections?

A
  • skin
  • mucous membranes
  • lysozymes
  • GI tract secretions
  • immune response: B & T cells
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22
Q

What are some ways communicable diseases can be transported?

A
  • Airborne transmission: sneezes, coughs, laughing
  • Droplet transmission: talking, coughs, sneezes
  • Contact transmission: skin to skin
  • Vehicle transmission: contaminated source
  • Vector-borne transmission: to humans from animals or insects
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23
Q

What are the type of organisms?

A
  • Bacteria
  • Viruses
  • Fungi
  • Parasites
  • Protozoa
  • Helminths
24
Q

What is host resistance?

A
  • The ability to fight off infection
25
Q

What does incubation mean?

A
  • Period between exposure to the organism and the first symptoms of illness
26
Q

What is the communicable period?

A
  • Period during which a person can transmit the illness to someone else
27
Q

What does contamination mean?

A
  • An object that has microorganisms on it or in it
28
Q

What does carriers mean?

A
  • Infected individuals with no symptoms who are able to pass the disease on to others
29
Q

What does reservoir mean?

A
  • A place where organisms may live and multiply, such as air-conditioning systems
30
Q

What are measles?

A
  • Airborne disease or direct contact
  • Characterized by fever, conjunctivitis, and coryza
  • Onset of coughing; a blotchy red rash and whitish grey spots on the buccal mucosa follow
31
Q

What is rubella?

A
  • Characterized by a low-grade fever, headache, runny nose, swollen lymph glands, and usually a diffuse rash that may look like the rash of measles
  • Direct contact
32
Q

What is mumps?

A
  • s/s in children include fever plus swelling and tenderness of one of the salivary glands
  • Mumps in males past the age of puberty may have a very painful complication (inflammation of the testicles)
  • Droplet or direct contact w saliva
33
Q

What is chickenpox?

A
  • Varicella
  • Highly contagious, produces a slight fever, photosensitivity, and a vesicular rash, leaving a series of scabs
  • Direct contact or droplet spread of resp secretions
34
Q

What is pertussis (whooping cough)?

A
  • Onset characterized by an irritating cough that becomes paroxysmal in approx 1 to 2 weeks
  • Can last for 1 to 2 months
  • Direct contact with discharges from mucous membranes or airborne droplets
35
Q

What is meningitis?

A
  • Inflammation of the membranes that cover the brain & spinal cord
  • Two types: bacterial & viral
  • Droplet transmitted
  • s/s include sudden-onset fever, severe headache, stiff neck, kernig sign, brudzinski sign, photosensitivity, pink rash that becomes purple
  • Changes in mental status, ranging from apathy to delirium
  • Projectile vomiting is common
36
Q

What is tuberculosis?

A

S/S include a persistent cough for more than 3 weeks plus one or more of the following:
- night sweats
- headache
- fever
- fatigue
- weight loss
- hemoptysis
- hoarseness
- chest pain

  • transmission by airborne droplets
  • Communicable only when an active lesion develops in the lungs & bacteria are expelled into the air by coughing
37
Q

TB Infection

A
  • The individual has tested positive for exposure to TB but doesn’t have, and may never develop, active disease
38
Q

TB Disease

A
  • The individual has active disease
39
Q

What is pneumonia?

A
  • Inflammation of the lungs
  • Triggered by bacteria, viruses, fungi, or other organisms
40
Q

Who is more susceptible to pneumonia?

A
  • Older adults
  • Heavy smokers or alcoholics
  • Individuals with chronic illnesses
  • Immunocompromised individuals
41
Q

What is respiratory syncytial virus (RSV)?

A
  • Leading cause of lower respiratory tract infections in infants, older adults, and immunocompromised individuals
  • Transmitted by direct contact or indirect contact
42
Q

What are the s/s of RSV?

A
  • Sneezing
  • Runny nose
  • Nasal congestion
  • Cough
  • Fever
43
Q

What is influenza?

A
  • S/S: systemic fever, shaking chills, headache, muscle pain, malaise, loss of appetite, dry, often protracted coughing, hoarseness, nasal discharge
  • Fully recover in 7 to 10 days
44
Q

What is scabies?

A
  • Parasite
  • Transmission direct skin-to-skin contact
  • Communicable period lasts until mites & eggs are destroyed by tx
  • s/s include itching, rash involving the hands, flexor aspects of the wrists, axillary folds, ankles, toes, genital areas, buttocks, and abdomen
45
Q

What is lice?

A
  • Small insects that live in hair and feed on blood through the skin
  • Transmission direct contact
46
Q

What is Viral Hepatitis?

A
  • Inflammation of the liver caused by a virus
  • All types present with the same s/s
  • A and E are not bloodborne infections
47
Q

What is gastroenteritis?

A
  • Stomach flu
  • Compromises many types of infections and irritations of the GI tract
  • Causes nausea & vomiting, fever, abdominal cramps, diarrhea
48
Q

What is HIV/ AIDS?

A

HIV= primarily and STD
AIDS= end-stage disease process caused by HIV

49
Q

What is tetanus?

A
  • A puncture wound contaminated with animal feces, street dust or soil
  • Incubation period is approx 14 days, can be as short as 3 days
50
Q

Signs and symptoms begin at site of wound

A
  • painful muscle contractions or rigidity in the neck, face, jaw, and trunk muscles , abdo rigidity, dysphagia, hydrophobia, drooling and resp distress may also occur
51
Q

What is a antibiotic resistant organism?

A
  • Overuse and misuse of antibiotics has led som pathogens to develop resistance to the antibiotic drugs commonly prescribed
52
Q

What is methicillin-resistant staphylococcus aureus (MRSA)?

A
  • Resistant to penicillin and some other antibiotics
  • Transmitted from pt to pt via unwashed hands
  • Incubation period appears to be 5 to 45 days; communicable period varies
53
Q

What are s/s of MRSA?

A
  • Localized skin abscesses & cellulitis, empyemas, and endocarditis, secondary infections such as osteomyelitis and septic arthritis
54
Q

What is vancomycin-resistant enterococci (VRE)?

A
  • Normal organism of the GI tract, urinary tract, and genitourinary tract
  • Direct contact
  • Only infected pts can transmit
55
Q

What is viral hemorrhagic fevers?

A
  • Ebola, rift valley, hantavirus, crimean-congo, marburg
  • Spread to others via direct contact with blood and body fluids
  • Fever, headache, muscle pain, weakness, diarrhea, vomiting, abdo pain, loss of appetite
  • Progresses to unexplained bleeding or bruising

EMRG 1305 (12 decks)

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