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HB2 Final > Week 11 - Brain/CN > Flashcards

Week 11 - Brain/CN Flashcards

1
Q

What is CN V?

A

trigeminal nerve

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2
Q

What is CN V1?

What does the supraorbital branch innervate?

A
  • ophthalmic

- skin of the nose and forehead

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3
Q

What is CN V2?

What does the infraorbital branch innervate?

A
  • maxillary

- skin of cheek and upper lip

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4
Q

What is CN V3?

What does the mental branch innervate?

A
  • mandibular

- skin of the chin and temple

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5
Q

What are the branches of CN V that innervate the skin of the face?

A

V1, ophthalmic- supraorbital branch
V2, maxillary- infraorbital branch
V3, mandibular- mental branch

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6
Q

What are the muscles of facial expression innervated by?

A

CN VII, the facial nerve

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7
Q

What muscle makes up the majority of the scalp?

A

the occipitofrontalis, frontal and occipital bellies

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8
Q

What are the branches of the facial nerve?

Are they sensory or motor?

A
  • temporal, zygomatic, buccal, mandibular, cervical (to zanzibar by motor car)
  • motor
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9
Q

What is the terminal branch of the external carotid artery?

What does it feed?

A
  • the superficial temporal branch

- a lot of the scalp and upper face

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10
Q

Where do the arteries that go to the face come from?

A

the external carotid, except for a contribution from the ophthalmic artery

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11
Q

What does the infraorbital artery come from?

A

the maxillary artery

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12
Q

What does the facial artery give rise to?

A
  • superior and inferior labial arteries
  • the angular artery
  • the lateral nasal artery
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13
Q

What does the ophthalmic artery come from?

A

the internal carotid artery

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14
Q

What branches does the ophthalmic artery give to feed some of the face?

A

supraorbital and supratrochlear

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15
Q

What is the facial vein a tributary of?

A

the internal jugular vein

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16
Q

Where does the parotid duct travel?

A

it leaves out of the anterior parotid gland, dives in front of the masseter muscle and pierces the buccinator muscle to open opposite the 2nd molar

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17
Q

Are these branches sensory, motor, or both?
V1?
V2?
V3?

A

V1- sensory
V2- sensory
V3- both

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18
Q

What are the muscles of mastication?

What are they innervated by?

A
  • temporalis, masseter, lateral and medial pterygoid

- V3

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19
Q

What are the major branches that come off the maxillary artery?

A

middle meningeal, inferior alveolar, and sphenopalatine

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20
Q

What does the maxillary vein drain into?

A

the retromandibular vein and then into the internal jugular vein

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21
Q

What is the pterygoid plexus?

What does it drain into?

A
  • a mass of venous tissue that drains the orbit, oral cavity, jaw, and cranial cavity
  • the maxillary vein
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22
Q

What nerves does the chorda tympani connect?
Where does it travel through?
What does it do?

A
  • the facial nerve to the lingual nerve
  • the infratemporal fossa
  • parasympathetic innervation to the submandibular and sublingual glands, and taste to the anterior 2/3 of the tongue
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23
Q

Where does the lingual nerve come from?

A

it is a branch off the mandibular division of V3

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24
Q

What vertebrae transmit the vertebral arteries?

A

C1-C6 (not usually C7)

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25
Q

Where do the sensory branches of the cervical plexus exit from?
What are these branches?

A
  • Erb’s point

- lesser occipital, great auricular, transverse cervical, and supraclavicular

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26
Q

What things are in the superficial fascia?

A
  • platysma
  • external jugular
  • anterior jugular
  • superficial (sensory) nerves from the cervical plexus
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27
Q

What are the layers of the deep fascia?

What is contained within each layer?

A
  1. investing layer- encases the SCM and trapezius
  2. muscular layer of the pretrachial fascia- encases the infrahyoid muscles
  3. visceral layer of the pretrachial fascia- wraps around the viscera (larynx, esophagus, thyroid, etc)
  4. prevertebral fascia- encases the deep muscles of the neck
  5. carotid sheath- encases the common carotid, CNX (vagus), and internal jugular vein
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28
Q

What innervates the SCM and trapezius muscles?

A

CN XI, the spinal accessory nerve

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29
Q

What are the suprahyoid muscles?

A

digastric (anterior and posterior bellies), stylohyoid, mylohyoid, and geniohyoid

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30
Q

What are the infrahyoid muscles?

A

thyrohyoid, sternothyroid, sternohyoid, and omohyoid (superior and inferior bellies)

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31
Q

What innervates the infrahyoid muscles?

A

the ansa cervicalis, a motor nerve loop off the cervical plexus

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32
Q

What lives between the anterior and middle scalene?

A

the brachial plexus and subclavian artery

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33
Q

What structures does the vagus nerve run between?

A

the common carotid and the internal jugular

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34
Q

Where does the phrenic nerve live in relation to the scalene muscles?

A

anterior to the anterior scalene

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35
Q

At what vertebral level is the superior cervical ganglion?

A

about C2

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36
Q

At what vertebral level is the inferior cervical ganglion?

What is special about it?

A
  • C8 nerve

- this fuses with the T1 ganglion to make the stellate ganglion

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37
Q

On top of what structure does the ansa cervicalis live?

A

the external jugular vein

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38
Q

Which carotid has branches in the neck?

A

the external carotid

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39
Q

What is the carotid body innervated by?

A

the vagus (CN X) and glossopharyngeal (CN IX) nerves

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40
Q

What are the major branches of the external carotid?

A
  • superior thyroid
  • lingual
  • facial
  • maxillary
  • superficial temporal
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41
Q

What are the major branches of the subclavian?

A
  • vertebral
  • internal thoracic
  • thyrocervical trunk
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42
Q

What arteries supply the thyroid?

Where does each come from?

A
  1. superior thyroid- from the external carotid

2. inferior thyroid- from the subclavian via the thyrocervical trunk

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43
Q

What are the veins that drain the thyroid?
Where does each drain into?
Which is a midline structure?

A
  1. superior thyroid- the internal jugular
  2. middle thyroid- the internal jugular
  3. inferior thyroid- left brachiocephalic (midline)
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44
Q

What are the superficial lymph nodes in the neck?

What structure do they run along with?

A
  • occipital, retroauricular, mastoid, parotid, and anterior/lateral cervical nodes
  • the external jugular
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45
Q

Along what structure are the deep cervical lymph nodes traveling?

A

the internal jugular

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46
Q

What does the neurocranium contain?

What does the viscerocranium contain?

A
  • the brain, CNS, and meninges

- most of the organs (eye, tongue, etc)

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47
Q

What are the layers of the scalp?

A 
Skin
Connective tissue 
Aponeurosis (or galea aponeurotica)
Loose CT
Pericranium
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48
Q

What innervates the scalp?

A

Anterior scalp- supraorbital, from V1
Lateral scalp- auriculotemporal, from V3
Posterior scalp- greater occipital, from C2 dorsal ramus

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49
Q

What does the falx cerebri do?

A

it divides the 2 hemispheres

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50
Q

What does the diaphragma sella do?

A

it is a dural reflection that covers the pituitary fossa

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51
Q

Between what things does the middle meningeal artery run?

What does the middle meningeal come from?

A
  • between the dura and the skull

- the maxillary artery

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52
Q

Where does the cavernous sinus live?

A

on either side of the pituitary

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53
Q

What things meet at the confluence of the sinuses?

A

the superior sagittal sinus, transverse sinuses, and straight sinus

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54
Q

What connects the anterior and posterior circulations of the brain?

A

the circle of Willis

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55
Q

Where does the anterior circulation for the brain come off of?
The posterior?

A
  • anterior: from the middle cerebral arteries

- posterior: from the vertebral arteries

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56
Q

What makes CSF?

What absorbs it?

A
  • choroid plexus in the ventricles

- arachnoid granulations

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57
Q 
Ciliary Ganglion:
Where is it located?
Preganglionic route?
Postganglionic route?
Target organs?
A

location- orbit
preganglionic- CN III, inferior branch
postganglionic- short ciliary nerves CN V1
target- ciliary muscles and sphincter pupillae of the iris

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58
Q 
Pterygopalatine Ganglion:
Where is it located?
Preganglionic route?
Postganglionic route?
Target organs?
A

location- pterygopalatine fossa
preganglionic- CN VII, greater petrosal nerve
target - lacrimal gland

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59
Q 
Submandibular Ganglion:
Where is it located?
Preganglionic route?
Postganglionic route?
Target organs?
A

location- oral cavity
preganglionic- CN VII, chorda tympani
postganglionic- lingual nerve, CN V3
target- sublingual and submandibular glands

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60
Q 
Otic Ganglion:
Where is it located?
Preganglionic route?
Postganglionic route?
Target organs?
A
  • location: infratemporal fossa
  • preganglionic: CN IX, tympanic nerve to lesser petrosal nerve
  • postganglionic: auriculotemporal nerve, CN V3
  • target: parotid, buccal, and lingual glands
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61
Q

CN I aka?
Target?
Sensory, motor, or both?

A
  • olfactory
  • nasal cavity
  • sensory
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62
Q

CN II aka?
Target?
Sensory, motor, or both?

A
  • optic
  • eye
  • sensory
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63
Q

CN III aka?
Target?
Sensory, motor, or both?

A
  • oculomotor
  • ciliary muscle, sphincter pupillae, and all external eye muscles besides superior oblique and lateral rectus
  • motor
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64
Q

CN IV aka?
Target?
Sensory, motor, or both?

A
  • trochlear
  • superior oblique muscle (eye)
  • motor
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65
Q

CN V aka?
Target?
Sensory, motor, or both?

A
  • trigeminal
  • sensory: face, sinuses, teeth, orbit, oral cavity, dura mater
  • motor: muscles of mastication, tensor tympani, tensor veli palatini, mylohyoid, anterior belly of the digastric, etc
  • both
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66
Q

CN VI aka?
Target?
Sensory, motor, or both?

A
  • abducent
  • lateral rectus muscle
  • motor
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67
Q

CN VII aka?
Target?
Sensory, motor, or both?

A
  • facial
  • motor: muscles of facial expression, stapedius, posterior belly of the digastric, stylohyoid, occipitalis, auricularis muscles, submandibular and sublingual glands, lacrimal gland
  • sensory: anterior 2/3 of the tongue for taste
  • both
68
Q

CN VIII aka?
Target?
Sensory, motor, or both?

A
  • vestibulocochlear
  • vestibule and cochlea
  • sensory
69
Q

CN IX aka?
Target?
Sensory, motor, or both?

A

-glossopharyngeal
-taste: posterior 1/3 of tongue
-sensory: tonsil, pharynx, middle ear
-motor: stylopharyngeus,
(-parasympathetic: parotid gland)
-both

70
Q

CN X aka?
Target?
Sensory, motor, or both?

A
  • vagus
  • motor: heart, lungs, palate, pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchi, GI tract
  • -palatoglossus
  • -levator veli palatini
  • sensory: heart, lungs, trachea, bronchi, larynx, pharynx, GI tract, external ear
  • both
71
Q

CN XI aka?
Target?
Sensory, motor, or both?

A
  • accessory
  • SCM, trapezius
  • motor
72
Q

CN XII aka?
Target?
Sensory, motor, or both?

A
  • hypoglossal
  • extrinsic and intrinsic tongue muscles except palatoglossus (vagus)
  • motor
73
Q

What muscle attaches to the TMJ?

A

the lateral pterygoid

74
Q

What does the superior cavity of the TMJ allow for?

The inferior?

A
  • superior: gliding of the joint

- inferior: hinging

75
Q

What does the Atlanto-occipital joint allow for?

A

flexion (nod yes)

76
Q

What does the Atlantoaxial joint allow for?

A

rotation (shake no)

77
Q

Where does the anterior scalene attach?
Middle?
Posterior?

A

anterior- 1st rib
middle- 1st rib
posterior- 2nd rib

78
Q

What lives in the tracheoesophageal grooves?

A

the recurrent laryngeal nerves

79
Q

What veins traverse the scalp, skull, and enter the dural sinuses where blood drains off the brain?

A

emissary veins

80
Q

In general terms, what are sulci?

What are gyri?

A
  • sulci are valleys

- gyri are hills

81
Q

In the meninges of the brain, what are the potential spaces?

What is a true space?

A
  • the epidural and subdural spaces

- the subarachnoid space

82
Q

What do the vertebral arteries give off?

After that, what do they merge into?

A
  • the PICA and AICA

- basilar artery

83
Q

What structures do parasympathetics travel with?

Sympathetics?

A
  • parasympathetics travel with cranial nerves

- sympathetics travel with blood vessels

84
Q

Describe the process of tasting.

A

Tastants are dissolved in secretions of serous glands in the crypts of papillae. Tastants interact with taste receptors, which open ion channels that lead to Ca-mediated release of the neurotransmitter glutamate. This results in stimulation of the gustatory nerve fibers.

85
Q

What are the layers of the eye?

A

Outer: scleara, tough for support
Middle: choroid, ciliary body, and iris, the vascular and dark layer
Inner: retina

86
Q

What is the junction between the cornea and the sclera called?

A

the limbus

87
Q

What does the iris attach to?

A

the ciliary body

88
Q

What is intraocular pressure maintained by?

A

the balance between secretion and absorption of aqueous humor

89
Q

What do rods contain?

What do cones contain?

A
  • rods have rhodopsin

- cones have iodopsin

90
Q

Which structure’s chromophores are vitamin A dependent and used for low light situations?

91
Q

What vision problem can a vitamin A deficiency cause?

A

night blindness, as A is important for rods

92
Q

What area of the eye contains only rods?

93
Q

Where in the eye is light focused to?

94
Q

What does the membranous labyrinth of the inner ear contain?

A

mechanoreceptors for both movement and sound

95
Q

Within which bone is the middle ear located?

A

the temporal bone

96
Q

How does the middle ear communicate with the oropharynx?

A

via the eustachian tube

97
Q

What fluid lives inside the membranous labyrinth of the inner ear?
What fluid lives inside of the bony labyrinth?

A
  • endolymph

- perilymph

98
Q

What makes up the vestibular labyrinth?

A

the utricle, saccule, and semicircular ducts

99
Q

What do hair cells in the ampula/canal detect?

A

rotational or angular movement of the head

100
Q

What do hair cells in the saccule and utricle detect?

A

linear acceleration and gravity

101
Q

What do the stereocilia in the semicircular canals detect?

A

tilt of the head

102
Q

What are the muscles of facial expression?

A

depressor anguli oris, depressor labii inferioris, mentalis, orbicularis oris, risorius, buccinator, zygomaticus major and minor, levator labii superioris, platysma, orbicularis oculi (orbital and palpebral parts), occipitalis, and frontalis

103
Q

What are the muscles of facial expression innervated by ?

A

CN VII, the facial nerve

104
Q

Where does the facial nerve emerge from the skull?

Where does it travel after that?

A
  • through the stylomastiod foramen

- enters the parotid gland and emerges from its anterior border

105
Q

Masseter:
Action?
Innervation?

A
  • elevation and protrusion of the mandible

- masseteric nerve, a branch of the mandibular nerve from V3

106
Q

Temporalis:
Action?
Innervation?

A
  • elevation and retraction of the mandible

- anterior and posterior deep temporal nerves, branches of the mandibular nerve from V3

107
Q

Lateral Pterygoid:
Action?
Innervation?

A
  • protrusion of the mandible, deviation of the mandible to the opposite side
  • nerve to the lateral pterygoid, a branch of the mandibular nerve from V3
108
Q

Medial Pterygoid:
Action:
Innervation:

A
  • elevation of the mandible

- nerve to the medial pterygoid, a branch of the mandibular nerve from V3

109
Q

SCM:
Action?
Innervation?

A
  • laterally flexes the head and neck, and rotates the head and neck to the opposite side
  • accessory nerve
110
Q

Sternohyoid:
Infrahyoid or suprahyoid?
Innervation?

A
  • infrahyoid

- ansa cervicalis

111
Q

Omohyoid:
Infrahyoid or suprahyoid?
Innervation?

A
  • infrahyoid

- ansa cervicalis

112
Q

Sternothyroid:
Infrahyoid or suprahyoid?
Innervation?

A
  • infrahyoid

- ansa cervicalis

113
Q

Thyrohyoid:
Infrahyoid or suprahyoid?
Innervation?

A
  • infrahyoid

- ansa cervicalis

114
Q

Stylohyoid:
Infrahyoid or suprahyoid?
Innervation?

A
  • suprahyoid

- facial nerve, CN VII

115
Q

Digastric:
Infrahyoid or suprahyoid?
Innervation?

A
  • suprahyoid
  • anterior belly: nerve to the mylohyoid, a branch of the mandibular division of V3
  • posterior belly: facial nerve
116
Q

Mylohyoid:
Infrahyoid or suprahyoid?
Innervation?

A
  • suprahyoid

- nerve to the mylohyoid, a branch of V3

117
Q

Geniohyoid:
Infrahyoid or suprahyoid?
Innervation?

A
  • suprahyoid

- fibers from the ventral ramus of C1 that travel with the hypoglossal nerve

118
Q

What are the deep neck muscles?

A
  • anterior, middle, and posterior scalenes
  • longus capitus
  • longus colli
119
Q

Which cranial nerve is technically not a nerve, but is an extension of the brain covered by meninges?

A

the optic nerve, CN II

120
Q

What things innervate the auricle?

A

facial nerve, lesser occipital nerves and great auricular nerves (from the cervical plexus), vagus and glossopharyngeal nerves, auriculotemporal nerve (from CN V)

121
Q

What bone articulates with the oval window?

A

the stapes

122
Q

What are the boundaries of the tympanic cavity?

A

Roof- tegmen tympani
Floor- jugular fossa, temporal bone
Anterior- tensor tympani and opening to the Eustachian tube
Posterior- opening to the mastoid space, pyramidal eminence (stapedius muscle), facial nerve canal
Medial- promontory with cochlea underneath, round window, oval window
Lateral- TM

123
Q

Tensor tympani:
Function?
Innervation?

A
  • dampens the TM in response to loud noise

- nerve to the tensor tympani via V3

124
Q

Stapedius:
Function?
Innervation?

A
  • holds the stapes against the oval window to dampen sound in response to loud noise
  • nerve to the stapedius via CN VII
125
Q

What muscle elevates the eyelid?

A

levator palpebrae superioris

126
Q

What muscles of the eye do not attach to the common tendinous ring?

A

not the levator palpebrae superioris, inferior oblique, and superior oblique

127
Q

How do you test the muscles of eye movement?

A 
from lateral to medial:
.........SR............ IO
..........^................ ^
LR MR
......... v................ v
......... IR .............SO
128
Q

What are the nerves found in the orbit?

A
  • CN II
  • CN III
  • CN IV
  • CN V1 and its branches
  • CN VI
  • ciliary ganglion
129
Q

What are most of the muscles of eye movement innervated by?

What muscles are not?

A

-CN III
-lateral recuts by the abducent nerve (CN VI), superior oblique by the trochlear nerve (CN IV)
LR6, SO4, AO3

130
Q

What are the 3 roots of the ciliary ganglion?

A
  1. preganglionic parasympathetics from CN III
  2. postganglionic sympthetics
  3. sensory from the nasociliary nerve
131
Q

What leaves the ciliary ganglion?

A
  • parasympathetics (post) to the ciliary muscles and pupillary constrictor muscle
  • sympathetics to the pupillary dilator muscle
  • sensory to the eyeball
132
Q

What do short ciliary nerves contain?

A
  • sympathetics to the pupillary dilator muscle

- sensory to the cornea and iris

133
Q

What do long ciliary nerves contain?

134
Q

Do long or short ciliary nerves skip the ciliary ganglion?

A

long ciliary nerves

135
Q

What happens to the pupil in dim light?

A

Sympathetics are stimulated and cause the dilator pupillae muscle to contract and let more light in

136
Q

What happens to the pupil in bright light?

A

Parasympathetics are stimulated and cause the sphincter pupillae muscles to constrict the pupil

137
Q

What artery supplies the optic nerve?

Where does it come from?

A
  • the central artery of the retina

- from the ophthalmic artery from the internal carotid

138
Q

What are the major branches of the ophthalmic artery?

A
  • the central artery of the retina, which goes to the optic nerve
  • the supraorbital artery, which goes to the scalp
139
Q

Describe the venous drainage of the orbit.

A

Superior and inferior ophthalmic veins connect with the facial veins on one side and the cavernous sinus on the other.

140
Q

How is the lens suspended?

A

by zonular fibers to the ciliary body

141
Q

Trace the path of aqueous humor.

A

Epithelia in the ciliary body makes the aqueous humor. It then flows from the posterior chamber to the anterior chamber, through the canal of Schlemm, and is absorbed by epi-scleral veins.

142
Q

What nerve passes through the common tendinous ring?

143
Q

What is the innervation of the muscles that move the eye?

A

Lateral rectus CN VI, superior oblique CN IV, all others by CN III
(LR6, SO4, AO3)

144
Q

On which side of the eyeball is the blind spot?

What is located there?

A
  • the nasal side

- the optic nerve

145
Q

What is the periorbita?

A

a continuation of the periosteum that covers the walls of the orbit and protects the eyeball

146
Q

What is the nerve supply to the TM?

A
  • auriculotemporal nerve
  • tympanic branch of the glossopharyngeal nerve (CN IX)
  • the auricular branch of the vagus nerve (CN X)
147
Q

What is the early stage of ECM formation in bone called?

A

the osteoid

148
Q

What do osteoblasts do?
Osteoclasts?
Osteocyte?

A
  • osteoblasts: make osteoid
  • osteoclasts: erode mineralized bone
  • osteocyte: maintain the osteoid
149
Q

What are the 2 layers of bone tissue?

A
  • outer: cortical/compact bone

- inner: trabecular/spongy bone

150
Q

What is a Haversian canal?

How do they communicate with each other?

A

the internal part of an osteon where nerves and blood vessels are located
-via Volkmann canals

151
Q

How do osteocytes communicate with each other?

A

via canaliculi

152
Q

What are the types of fetal bone development?

Which way is the most common?

A
  1. intramembranous- bone develops from primitive mesenchyme

2. enchondral ossification: cartilage placed first and later replaced by bone (most common)

153
Q

What are the types of cartilage?

Where are they found?

A
  1. hyaline- most joints
  2. elastic- ears
  3. fibrocartilage- intervertebral discs and pubic symphysis
154
Q

How readily does cartilage regenerate?

Why?

A
  • not easily

- limited mobility of chondrocytes and avascularity

155
Q

What passes through the optic canal?

A
  1. optic nerve

2. ophthalmic artery

156
Q

What passes through the superior orbital fissure?

A
  1. superior ophthalmic vein
  2. CN III, oculomotor
  3. CN IV, trochlear
  4. branches of V1- lacrimal nerve, frontal nerve, and nasociliary nerve
  5. CN VI, abducent
157
Q

What passes through the foramen rotundum?

A

V2, the maxillary nerve

158
Q

What passes through the foramen ovale?

A
  1. V3, the mandibular nerve

2. the lesser petrosal nerve

159
Q

What passes through the foramen spinosum?

A
  1. middle meningeal artery

2. meningeal branch of the the mandibular nerve, V3

160
Q

What passes through the internal acoustic meatus?

A
  1. labyrinthine artery and vein
  2. CN VIII, vestibulocochlear nerve
  3. CN VII, facial nerve
161
Q

What passes through the jugular foramen?

A
  1. internal jugular vein
  2. CN IX, glossopharyngeal
  3. CN X, vagus nerve
  4. CN XI, accessory nerve
  5. inferior petrosal sinus
  6. posterior meningeal artery
162
Q

What passes through the foramen magnum?

A
  1. spinal vein
  2. anterior spinal artery
  3. posterior spinal artery
  4. spinal cord
  5. CN XI, accessory nerve
  6. vertebral artery
163
Q

What passes through the mastoid foramen?

A

an emissary vein

164
Q

What passes through the stylomastoid foramen?

A
  1. CN VII, facial nerve

2. stylomastoid artery

165
Q

What passes through the incisive canal?

A

nasopalatine nerve and artery

HB2 Final (5 decks)

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