WEEK 11 Flashcards
Give examples of the diverse group of CNS injuries
Spinal Cord Injury (SCI)
Traumatic Brain Injury (TBI)
Stroke
Brain Cancer
Which two examples of CNS injuries are people aged 15-24 most at risk to?
Spinal Cord Injury (SCI) and Traumatic Brain Injury (TBI)
Which two examples of CNS disorders are the older population more at risk to
Stroke and Brain Cancer
Describe how tissue repair occurs outside the CNS
Proliferation occurs, normal aging causes noxious influences, cell death (cell-cell contact), re-stimulates cell proliferation, tissue repair
What is the principle of tissue repair outside the CNS?
Complexity at expense of individual mortality
Explain how tissue repair in the injured CNS is so complicated
Proliferation occurs, neuronal differentiation=synapse formation, synapse plasticity=altered connectivity and network reorganisation, neurones not replaceable by cell division due to entire network being affected
What is the principle of tissue repair inside the CNS?
Complexity at expense of reparability
What is the meaning of topographical organisation of the CNS?
Different parts of the brain and spinal cord have different functions-anatomy and function are related
What is the effect of injury due to topographical organisation of the spinal cord?
Loss of movement, sensation and autonomic control below the level of injured segment
What is the effect of injury due to topographical organisation of the brain?
Different functions affected depending on which part of the brain is affected
What are the functional consequences of injury dependent on in the CNS?
The size and site of the injury, not the type
Describe the energy supply in the brain
2% of body mass, 15% of energy consumption, no energy stores of its own (small amounts of glycogen in astrocytes), energy is derived exclusively from glucose metabolism provided by the blood supply
What is the result of blood supply to the brain being affected?
Energy crisis due to unbalanced energy demand as a result of blood supply failing to deliver energy to the brain
Give six types of injuries to the brain
1) Skull fractures (eg. depression, open/closed, hairline, compression etc)
2) Hypertensive cerebral haemorrhage
3) Cerebral amyloid angiopathy and lobar haemorrhage
4) Arterio-venous malformations
5) Aneurysms
6) Lacunar infarcts and white matter damage
What is a hypertensive cerebral haemorrhage? look at image in notes
Hypertension causing filling of ventricular system with blood
What is a cerebral amyloid angiopathy and lobar haemorrhage? look at image in notes
Amyloid protein deposits in blood vessel walls, makes them brittle which allows for easy rupture
What are arterio-venous malformations? look at image in notes
A large number of dilated, malformed blood vessels which lead to bleedings
What is an aneurysm? look at image in notes
An enlargement of an artery caused by weakness in the arterial wall which increases intracranial pressure and increases risk of bleeding
What are lacunar infarcts? look at image in notes
Small infarcts (tissue death due to inadequate blood supply) in the deep cerebral white matter, basal ganglia, or pons
What can result from lacunar infarcts?
Vascular dementia
What are two components involved in Traumatic Brain Injury (TBI)?
1) Impact->cerebral contusions and lacerations
2) Movement of the brain inside the skull->subdural haematoma and diffuse axonal injury
What are the three consequences of Traumatic Brain Injuries (TBI)?
1) Haematomas (subdural and epidural)-compression of the brain, raising intracranial pressure
2) Contusions and diffuse axonal injury-structural brain damage
3) Hypoxic injury, facial ischaemic injury