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Medical Pathophysiology > Week 11 > Flashcards

Week 11 Flashcards

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USMLE® Step 1 flashcards
1
Q

Iron-Deficiency Anemia

A

Alterations of Erythrocyte (RBC) function either insufficient or excessive

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2
Q

What is iron required for?

A

Hemoglobin synthesis
Oxygen & electron transport
DNA synthesis

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3
Q

Where is iron found?

A

Hemoglobin
Myoglobin
Enzymes
Stored in transport proteins

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4
Q

What are the major causes of Iron deficiency anemia?

A

Infancy
Adolescence
Pregnancy

Medications

Monthly menstruation
GI ulcers
Cancer
Hemorrhoids

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5
Q

What are the CM of IDA?

A

Pallor of the skin and mucous membranes

Spoon nail (Koilonychia) 
Glossitis (inflammation of the tongue)

Fatigue, weakness, lightheadedness

Breathlessness, palpitations, tachycardia
Headache

Pica (eating odd things)

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6
Q

What is the diagnostic criteria of IDA?

A

History and physical exam

Lab studies:
Hemoglobin, RBC indices, quality of RBC

Serum iron 
Serum ferritin (protein that stores iron)
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7
Q

What is Anorexia Nervosa? (AN)

A

A refusal to maintain a healthy body weight by food avoidance or binge eating/purging

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8
Q

What are the causes of AN?

A 
Biologic
Psychologic
Genetic 
Familial 
Cultural
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9
Q

What is the pathophysiology of AN?

A

Macronutrient levels are inadequate

Bones become porous/fracture
Fluid & Electrolyte levels imbalanced
Heart size/function reduced due to hypovolemia and hypotension
Anemia/increased rate of infection
Endocrine function/ADH secretion restricted
Brain mass and CNS function reduced

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10
Q

What are the CM of AN?

A 
Thin stature 
Amenorrhea 
Brittle hair & nails 
Dry skin 
Lanugo 
Bradycardia 
Hypotension 
Hypothermia 
Abdominal bloating
Constipation 
Peripheral cyanosis
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11
Q

What is celiac disease?

A

Disorder of gluten malabsorption

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12
Q

Where is gluten found?

A

Wheat, rye, oats & barley

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13
Q

What are the CM of celiac disease?

A 
Weight loss 
Diarrhoea 
Steatorrhea
Malodorous stools 
Abdominal bloating 
Fatigue 
Nutritional deficiencies
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14
Q

What is the diagnostic criteria for celiac disease?

A

Serum detection of antibodies

Small bowel biopsy for any inflammation of atrophic changes

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15
Q

What is the treatment for celiac disease?

A

Eliminate gluten
Anti-inflammatory drugs
Hypersensitivity-blocking drugs

Vitamins & minerals

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16
Q

What is obesity?

A

An increase intake of energy-dense foods and decrease in physical activity.

17
Q

What are the CM of obesity?

A 
Type 2 diabetes 
Heart disease 
Hypertension 
Hyperlipidemia 
Higher incidence of atherosclerosis 
Stroke 
Osteoarthritis 
Liver disease/gall stones 
Poor wound healing 
Sleep apnea 
Certain cancers
18
Q

How do you diagnose obesity?

A 
History and physical exam 
BMI 
Skin fold thickness 
Waist and hip circumference 
Bioelectrical impedence
19
Q

What is the treatment for obesity?

A

Lifestyle changes/weight reduction

Pharmacologic therapy/weight loss supplements

Surgery gastric bypass/band

20
Q

What is Anorexia Nervosa? (AN)

A

A refusal to maintain a healthy body weight by food avoidance or binge eating/purging

21
Q

What are the causes of AN?

A 
Biologic
Psychologic
Genetic 
Familial 
Cultural
22
Q

What is the pathophysiology of AN?

A

Macronutrient levels are inadequate

Bones become porous/fracture
Fluid & Electrolyte levels imbalanced
Heart size/function reduced due to hypovolemia and hypotension
Anemia/increased rate of infection
Endocrine function/ADH secretion restricted
Brain mass and CNS function reduced

23
Q

What are the CM of AN?

A 
Thin stature 
Amenorrhea 
Brittle hair & nails 
Dry skin 
Lanugo 
Bradycardia 
Hypotension 
Hypothermia 
Abdominal bloating
Constipation 
Peripheral cyanosis
24
Q

What is celiac disease?

A

Disorder of gluten malabsorption

25
Q

Where is gluten found?

A

Wheat, rye, oats & barley

26
Q

What are the CM of celiac disease?

A 
Weight loss 
Diarrhoea 
Steatorrhea
Malodorous stools 
Abdominal bloating 
Fatigue 
Nutritional deficiencies
27
Q

What is the diagnostic criteria for celiac disease?

A

Serum detection of antibodies

Small bowel biopsy for any inflammation of atrophic changes

28
Q

What is the treatment for celiac disease?

A

Eliminate gluten
Anti-inflammatory drugs
Hypersensitivity-blocking drugs

Vitamins & minerals

29
Q

What is obesity?

A

An increase intake of energy-dense foods and decrease in physical activity.

30
Q

What are the CM of obesity?

A 
Type 2 diabetes 
Heart disease 
Hypertension 
Hyperlipidemia 
Higher incidence of atherosclerosis 
Stroke 
Osteoarthritis 
Liver disease/gall stones 
Poor wound healing 
Sleep apnea 
Certain cancers
31
Q

How do you diagnose obesity?

A 
History and physical exam 
BMI 
Skin fold thickness 
Waist and hip circumference 
Bioelectrical impedence
32
Q

What is the treatment for obesity?

A

Lifestyle changes/weight reduction

Pharmacologic therapy/weight loss supplements

Surgery gastric bypass/band

Medical Pathophysiology (3 decks)

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