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Medical Pathophysiology > Week 10 > Flashcards

Week 10 Flashcards

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USMLE® Step 1 flashcards
1
Q

What is hypertension?

A

High blood pressure usually above 140/90

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2
Q

What is isolated systolic hypertension?

A

Systolic blood pressure is elevated while the diastolic remains normal

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3
Q

What does a high systolic hypertension cause?

A

CVD

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4
Q

What is primary hypertension?

A

Interaction of genetic and environmental triggers

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5
Q

What is secondary hypertension?

A

Manifestation of another condition such as narrowing the aorta or kidney disease

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6
Q

What are the main risk factors of primary hypertension?

A 
Family history 
Aging 
Diabetes mellitus
Excessive dietary sodium intake 
Obesity 
Sedentary lifestyle 
Excessive alcohol intake 
Smoking
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7
Q

What are the three major body systems affected by hypertension?

A

CNS
Cardiovascular system
Renal system

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8
Q

How is the CNS impacted by hypertension?

A

Elevated BP overwhelms cerebral blood flow

Hypertensive crisis (a rapid severe elevation in blood pressure)

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9
Q

How is the cardiovascular system impacted by hypertension?

A

Factor in developing atherosclerosis

Hypertensive pressure (strain on the heart)

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10
Q

How is the renal system affected by hypertension?

A

Prolonged pressure in the kidney arterioles which promotes chronic injury and inflammation

Nephrosclerosis develops

Hypertension perpetuates

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11
Q

What are the CNS manifestations of hypertension?

A 
Headache 
Blurred vision 
Nausea 
Vomiting 
Weakness 
Fatigue 
Confusion
Mental status changes 
Rupture of cerebral vessels leading to stroke
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12
Q

What are the cardiovascular manifestations of hypertension?

A

Signs and symptoms of pulmonary edema & heart failure

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13
Q

What are the renal manifestations of hypertension?

A

Poor urinary output
Hematuria
Proteinuria
Problems with eliminating urinary waste

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14
Q

Diagnostic criteria for Hypertension

A

Evaluating risk of CVD
History and physical examination

Lab studies: 
Electrolyte levels 
Urinalysis 
Blood urea nitrogen (BUN)
Creatinine 
Lipid profile to detect hypercholesterolemia
Blood glucose to detect diabetes 
Chest radiograph 
Computed Tomography 
ECG to assess cardiac ischemia or infarction
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15
Q

What is the treatment for hypertension?

A 
Weight reduction 
Decreased alcohol, salt & fat intake 
Increased aerobic physical activity 
Increased fruit and vegetable intake 
Smoking cessation
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16
Q

What is shock?

A

A condition of circulatory failure and impaired perfusion of vital organs

17
Q

What are the sources of impaired perfusion?

A 
Cardiogenic 
Hypovolemic
Septic 
Anaphylactic 
Neurogenic
18
Q

What is cardiogenic Shock associated with?

A

Myocardial infarction

Myocarditis

Cardiac temponade

Pulmonary embolus

19
Q

What is hypovolemic shock associated with?

A

Hemorrhage
Diarrhoea
Dehydration
Burns

20
Q

What is septic shock associated with?

A

Severe infection

21
Q

What is anaphylactic shock associated with?

A

Type 1 hypersensitivity reaction

22
Q

What is neurogenic shock associated with?

A

Drain damage

Spinal cord injury

23
Q

What does shock lead to?

A

Deprivation of oxygen & nutrients in cells

Impair cellular metabolism

Leads to acidosis

24
Q

What are the CM of Cardiogenic shock?

A 
Chest pain 
Shortness of breath 
Laboured breathing 
Diaphoresis
Nausea 
Vomiting
25
Q

What are the CM of hypovolemic shock?

A

Depends on the extent of blood or plasma loss

26
Q

What are the CM of septic shock?

A

Infection promotes fever and flushed, warm skin

27
Q

What are the CM of anaphylactic shock?

A

Generalised skin flushing and may lead to airway obstruction

28
Q

What is the diagnosis for shock?

A

History and physical exam
-MI, massive hemorrhage, systemic infection, spinal cord injury & anaphylaxis

Skin colour, temp, pulse, cap refill, HR, BP, urine output and mental status

29
Q

What is the treatment for shock?

A

Medical emergency

  • airway, breathing, circulation
  • supine position with legs elevated
  • blankets for warmth

Frequent monitoring of vital organ function and hemodynamic status

Medical Pathophysiology (3 decks)

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