WEEK 11 Flashcards
What are Baumrind’s (1967, 1983) three parenting styles?
Authoritarian, Authoritative, and Permissive.
How did Maccoby and Martin (1983) revise Baumrind’s model?
They added a dimensional approach with four parenting styles: Authoritative, Authoritarian, Permissive, and Uninvolved.
What are the key characteristics of Authoritative parenting?
High responsiveness and high demandingness, with warmth and clear behavioral expectations.
What are the key characteristics of Authoritarian parenting?
High demandingness, low responsiveness, strict discipline, and low warmth.
What are the key characteristics of Permissive parenting?
High responsiveness, low demandingness, relaxed discipline, and warmth.
What are the key characteristics of Uninvolved parenting?
Low responsiveness and low demandingness, with little interaction or discipline.
What did Dekovic and Janssens (1992) find about Authoritative parenting?
It was associated with higher academic achievement in 6-11-year-olds when combined with high parental involvement.
What did Steinberg et al. (1992) find about Authoritarian parenting?
It was associated with lower academic achievement in 14-18-year-olds, even with high parental involvement.
How does parenting differ in individualistic versus collectivist cultures?
Individualistic cultures value autonomy and independence, while collectivist cultures emphasize obedience and relatedness.
What did Rudy & Grusec (2000) find about authoritarian parenting in different cultures?
Negative feelings and cognitions were linked to authoritarianism in individualistic cultures but not in collectivist cultures.
What are the limitations of Baumrind’s parenting style models?
They are broad and do not specify which parenting behaviors lead to poorer outcomes.
What parenting dimensions did Maccoby & Martin (1983) focus on?
Responsiveness and demandingness.
What did Pinquart (2017) find about harsh and psychological control?
These practices showed the strongest associations with externalizing problems in children.
How does parental responsiveness to distress influence child empathy?
It promotes emotion regulation, which in turn supports empathy development.
What aspects of sensitivity predict specific child outcomes?
Sensitivity to distress predicts empathy, social competence, and attachment, while sensitivity to non-distress predicts language and cognitive development.
How does hostile parenting affect children?
It produces emotional over-arousal, undermines emotion regulation, and impairs attention and learning.
How do supportive parenting practices benefit children?
They promote emotion regulation, positive responses to parental efforts, and constructive interpersonal skills.
What are Belsky’s (1984) determinants of parenting behavior?
Personal psychological resources, contextual support, and child characteristics.
What is Belsky’s Differential Susceptibility Theory?
Some individuals are more affected—positively or negatively—by environmental exposures and experiences.
How does infant temperament influence susceptibility?
Difficult temperaments are more sensitive to parental sensitivity, affecting externalizing behaviors.
What did the NICHD study find about temperament and maternal sensitivity?
Difficult infants had fewer externalizing problems with high maternal sensitivity but more problems with low sensitivity.
What is the relationship between physical punishment and child outcomes?
Higher frequency and severity of physical punishment are associated with worse externalizing behaviors.
What are the four types of child maltreatment defined by the WHO (2002)?
Neglect, Physical Abuse, Emotional Abuse, and Sexual Abuse.
What are common outcomes of childhood maltreatment?
Increased delinquent behavior, decreased emotional well-being, and higher suicidality.
What is the spill-over hypothesis in parental conflict?
Stress from inter-partner violence affects parenting, leading to worse child outcomes.
How does parental sensitivity buffer against the effects of inter-partner violence?
High maternal sensitivity reduces externalizing behavior and supports prosocial behavior.
What did Hetherington & Stanley-Hagan (1999) find about the impact of divorce?
Boys showed more externalizing and internalizing problems if their mothers remained divorced or remarried recently.
What did Cherlin et al. (1991) conclude about pre-divorce conflict?
Pre-existing behavior problems and academic issues contributed to the negative effects observed after divorce.
What did the Millennium Cohort Study reveal about family composition?
Married families had the lowest child internalizing and externalizing problems, while stepfamilies and lone-parent families had the highest.
Why are fathers often underrepresented in parenting research?
Practical issues like lack of involvement in children’s lives and time constraints for participation.
What positive effects does father involvement have?
Reduced child aggression, lower delinquency, and better academic outcomes.
What did Bakermans-Kranenburg et al. (2003) find about early parenting interventions?
Interventions promoting maternal sensitivity showed small to medium improvements in sensitivity and attachment.
What markers define sensitive parenting?
Contingent vocalizations, shared positive affect, and appropriate stimulation.
What markers define intrusive parenting?
Overstimulation, ignoring child preferences, and physically impairing child movement.
What markers define detached parenting?
Lack of engagement, ignoring the child’s needs, and emotionally uninvolved behavior.
What is Patterson’s coercion hypothesis?
Negative reinforcement cycles between parents and children lead to escalating coercive behaviors.
What are the aims of parenting interventions for behavioral problems?
To improve warmth, clear rules, consistent discipline, and positive reinforcement.
What is observational learning in parenting interventions?
Parents learn adaptive practices by observing modeled behaviors from others.
How does harsh parenting differ from warm parenting?
Harsh parenting creates over-arousal and impairs learning, while warm parenting promotes regulation and learning.
What is the main takeaway from parenting research?
Parenting styles and practices have significant, specific effects on child development and outcomes.
