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development uni > WEEK 11 > Flashcards

WEEK 11 Flashcards

1
Q

What are Baumrind’s (1967, 1983) three parenting styles?

A

Authoritarian, Authoritative, and Permissive.

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2
Q

How did Maccoby and Martin (1983) revise Baumrind’s model?

A

They added a dimensional approach with four parenting styles: Authoritative, Authoritarian, Permissive, and Uninvolved.

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3
Q

What are the key characteristics of Authoritative parenting?

A

High responsiveness and high demandingness, with warmth and clear behavioral expectations.

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4
Q

What are the key characteristics of Authoritarian parenting?

A

High demandingness, low responsiveness, strict discipline, and low warmth.

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5
Q

What are the key characteristics of Permissive parenting?

A

High responsiveness, low demandingness, relaxed discipline, and warmth.

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6
Q

What are the key characteristics of Uninvolved parenting?

A

Low responsiveness and low demandingness, with little interaction or discipline.

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7
Q

What did Dekovic and Janssens (1992) find about Authoritative parenting?

A

It was associated with higher academic achievement in 6-11-year-olds when combined with high parental involvement.

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8
Q

What did Steinberg et al. (1992) find about Authoritarian parenting?

A

It was associated with lower academic achievement in 14-18-year-olds, even with high parental involvement.

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9
Q

How does parenting differ in individualistic versus collectivist cultures?

A

Individualistic cultures value autonomy and independence, while collectivist cultures emphasize obedience and relatedness.

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10
Q

What did Rudy & Grusec (2000) find about authoritarian parenting in different cultures?

A

Negative feelings and cognitions were linked to authoritarianism in individualistic cultures but not in collectivist cultures.

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11
Q

What are the limitations of Baumrind’s parenting style models?

A

They are broad and do not specify which parenting behaviors lead to poorer outcomes.

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12
Q

What parenting dimensions did Maccoby & Martin (1983) focus on?

A

Responsiveness and demandingness.

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13
Q

What did Pinquart (2017) find about harsh and psychological control?

A

These practices showed the strongest associations with externalizing problems in children.

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14
Q

How does parental responsiveness to distress influence child empathy?

A

It promotes emotion regulation, which in turn supports empathy development.

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15
Q

What aspects of sensitivity predict specific child outcomes?

A

Sensitivity to distress predicts empathy, social competence, and attachment, while sensitivity to non-distress predicts language and cognitive development.

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16
Q

How does hostile parenting affect children?

A

It produces emotional over-arousal, undermines emotion regulation, and impairs attention and learning.

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17
Q

How do supportive parenting practices benefit children?

A

They promote emotion regulation, positive responses to parental efforts, and constructive interpersonal skills.

18
Q

What are Belsky’s (1984) determinants of parenting behavior?

A

Personal psychological resources, contextual support, and child characteristics.

19
Q

What is Belsky’s Differential Susceptibility Theory?

A

Some individuals are more affected—positively or negatively—by environmental exposures and experiences.

20
Q

How does infant temperament influence susceptibility?

A

Difficult temperaments are more sensitive to parental sensitivity, affecting externalizing behaviors.

21
Q

What did the NICHD study find about temperament and maternal sensitivity?

A

Difficult infants had fewer externalizing problems with high maternal sensitivity but more problems with low sensitivity.

22
Q

What is the relationship between physical punishment and child outcomes?

A

Higher frequency and severity of physical punishment are associated with worse externalizing behaviors.

23
Q

What are the four types of child maltreatment defined by the WHO (2002)?

A

Neglect, Physical Abuse, Emotional Abuse, and Sexual Abuse.

24
Q

What are common outcomes of childhood maltreatment?

A

Increased delinquent behavior, decreased emotional well-being, and higher suicidality.

25
Q

What is the spill-over hypothesis in parental conflict?

A

Stress from inter-partner violence affects parenting, leading to worse child outcomes.

26
Q

How does parental sensitivity buffer against the effects of inter-partner violence?

A

High maternal sensitivity reduces externalizing behavior and supports prosocial behavior.

27
Q

What did Hetherington & Stanley-Hagan (1999) find about the impact of divorce?

A

Boys showed more externalizing and internalizing problems if their mothers remained divorced or remarried recently.

28
Q

What did Cherlin et al. (1991) conclude about pre-divorce conflict?

A

Pre-existing behavior problems and academic issues contributed to the negative effects observed after divorce.

29
Q

What did the Millennium Cohort Study reveal about family composition?

A

Married families had the lowest child internalizing and externalizing problems, while stepfamilies and lone-parent families had the highest.

30
Q

Why are fathers often underrepresented in parenting research?

A

Practical issues like lack of involvement in children’s lives and time constraints for participation.

31
Q

What positive effects does father involvement have?

A

Reduced child aggression, lower delinquency, and better academic outcomes.

32
Q

What did Bakermans-Kranenburg et al. (2003) find about early parenting interventions?

A

Interventions promoting maternal sensitivity showed small to medium improvements in sensitivity and attachment.

33
Q

What markers define sensitive parenting?

A

Contingent vocalizations, shared positive affect, and appropriate stimulation.

34
Q

What markers define intrusive parenting?

A

Overstimulation, ignoring child preferences, and physically impairing child movement.

35
Q

What markers define detached parenting?

A

Lack of engagement, ignoring the child’s needs, and emotionally uninvolved behavior.

36
Q

What is Patterson’s coercion hypothesis?

A

Negative reinforcement cycles between parents and children lead to escalating coercive behaviors.

37
Q

What are the aims of parenting interventions for behavioral problems?

A

To improve warmth, clear rules, consistent discipline, and positive reinforcement.

38
Q

What is observational learning in parenting interventions?

A

Parents learn adaptive practices by observing modeled behaviors from others.

39
Q

How does harsh parenting differ from warm parenting?

A

Harsh parenting creates over-arousal and impairs learning, while warm parenting promotes regulation and learning.

40
Q

What is the main takeaway from parenting research?

A

Parenting styles and practices have significant, specific effects on child development and outcomes.

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