LECTURE 4

Question 1

What are the key phases of social development?

Answer 1

Birth/1 month: basic attraction, 2 months: core relatedness, 5 months: topic-based relatedness, 9-10 months: connected-up relatedness, 18 months: cooperative relatedness.

Question 2

What is “basic attraction” in infants?

Answer 2

A newborn’s innate attraction to people, including visual preference for faces.

Question 3

What did Goren, Sarty, and Wu (1975) find about newborns?

Answer 3

Newborns show greater visual preference for face-like stimuli compared to scrambled or blank ones.

Question 4

What features of faces attract newborns?

Answer 4

Faces with open eyes (Batki et al., 2000) and forward gaze (Farroni et al., 2002).

Question 5

When do infants first recognize their mother’s voice?

Answer 5

In the third trimester of pregnancy (Jardri et al., 2012).

Question 6

What is the “baby schema”?

Answer 6

Infant facial features (e.g., big eyes, chubby cheeks) that trigger caretaking behaviors (Lorenz, 1943).

Question 7

What is neonatal imitation?

Answer 7

Infants imitating actions like mouth opening and tongue protrusion (Meltzoff & Moore, 1977).

Question 8

What is “motherese”?

Answer 8

Infant-directed speech characterized by exaggerated intonation, simple vocabulary, and repetition

Question 9

Why do infants prefer infant-directed speech?

Answer 9

Its exaggerated and melodic properties engage infants more than adult-directed speech (Fernald, 1985).

Question 10

What is “core relatedness”?

Answer 10

At 2 months, infants begin emotionally intimate, one-to-one engagements.

Question 11

What are key behaviors of infants at 6-8 weeks?

Answer 11

Eye contact, vocalizing, smiling, and pre-speech behaviors like mouth movements.

Question 12

What is the “Still Face Experiment”?

Answer 12

infants become distressed when parents do not respond contingently to their behavior (Tronick et al., 1978).

Question 13

What are the three types of maternal responses?

Answer 13

Mirroring, marking (positive/neutral), and negative responses.

Question 14

What does mirroring promote in infants?

Answer 14

Development of social behaviors through attuned imitation of infant actions.

Question 15

What is “topic-based relatedness”?

Answer 15

At 5 months, infants begin to engage in interactions involving a third focus, like objects or games.

Question 16

What is “ostensive marking”?

Answer 16

Parents use exaggerated cues (e.g., eye contact, brow flash) to establish topics in interactions.

Question 17

What are “triadic games”?

Answer 17

Interactions involving infants, parents, and objects, such as showing or explaining.

Question 18

What is “connected-up relatedness”?

Answer 18

At 9-10 months, infants begin to understand shared interests and coordinate with others.

Question 19

When do infants typically start pointing?

Answer 19

Between 9-14 months, often predicting vocabulary development (Tomasello, 2008).

Question 20

What is gaze following?

Answer 20

Infants following another’s line of sight, predicting communication skills and vocabulary development

Question 21

What is reciprocal play?

Answer 21

Interactive games like “peek-a-boo” that reinforce shared experiences and communication.

Question 22

What is “secondary intersubjectivity”?

Answer 22

At 9-10 months, infants coordinate their interactions and recognize others’ engagement with the environment.

Question 23

What is “cooperative relatedness”?

Answer 23

By 18 months, infants understand others’ experiences and engage in shared goals and cooperation.

Question 24

How does teasing develop at 18 months?

Answer 24

infants playfully manipulate others’ expectations, showing understanding of shared experiences (Reddy, 2010).

Question 25

What did Repacholi & Gopnik (1997) demonstrate about infant understanding?

Answer 25

infants select food preferred by their mother over their own preference when asked.

Question 26

At what age do infants start helping in simple tasks?

Answer 26

Around 18 months (Warneken & Tomasello, 2006).

Question 27

What does mirror recognition signify?

Answer 27

Self-awareness, as demonstrated by Lewis & Ramsay (2004).

Question 28

What is pretend play and why is it important

Answer 28

Role-playing activities that foster understanding of others’ emotions and perspectives.

Question 29

What is “cooperative compliance”?

Answer 29

Infants working together with others toward shared goals, promoting positive social behaviors.

Question 30

How do parents support social development in the second year?

Answer 30

By offering opportunities for shared activities, pretend play, and discussions about emotions.

Question 31

What is the role of intuitive parenting in development?

Answer 31

Parents adjust their behaviors to match the infant’s growing social understanding.

Question 32

How does pointing relate to social and language development?

Answer 32

It demonstrates shared attention and predicts vocabulary acquisition.

Question 33

What are the five stages of social development?

Answer 33

Basic attraction, core relatedness, topic-based relatedness, connected-up relatedness, cooperative relatedness.

Question 34

How does social understanding predict Theory of Mind?

Answer 34

Early social skills like pointing and shared attention lay the foundation for understanding others’ mental states.

Question 35

What did Tomasello (2008) highlight about infant communication?

Answer 35

Pointing and gaze following are crucial precursors to language and social skills.

Question 36

What is the joy of shared interest?

Answer 36

The pleasure infants and adults derive from coordinating attention and sharing experiences.

Question 37

What happens during the “Still Face” phase?

Answer 37

Infants become distressed when parents suddenly withdraw emotional engagement.

Question 38

Why is early interaction critical?

Answer 38

It lays the foundation for communication, cooperation, and understanding of others’ experiences.