LECTURE 4 Flashcards
What are the key phases of social development?
Birth/1 month: basic attraction, 2 months: core relatedness, 5 months: topic-based relatedness, 9-10 months: connected-up relatedness, 18 months: cooperative relatedness.
What is “basic attraction” in infants?
A newborn’s innate attraction to people, including visual preference for faces.
What did Goren, Sarty, and Wu (1975) find about newborns?
Newborns show greater visual preference for face-like stimuli compared to scrambled or blank ones.
What features of faces attract newborns?
Faces with open eyes (Batki et al., 2000) and forward gaze (Farroni et al., 2002).
When do infants first recognize their mother’s voice?
In the third trimester of pregnancy (Jardri et al., 2012).
What is the “baby schema”?
Infant facial features (e.g., big eyes, chubby cheeks) that trigger caretaking behaviors (Lorenz, 1943).
What is neonatal imitation?
Infants imitating actions like mouth opening and tongue protrusion (Meltzoff & Moore, 1977).
What is “motherese”?
Infant-directed speech characterized by exaggerated intonation, simple vocabulary, and repetition
Why do infants prefer infant-directed speech?
Its exaggerated and melodic properties engage infants more than adult-directed speech (Fernald, 1985).
What is “core relatedness”?
At 2 months, infants begin emotionally intimate, one-to-one engagements.
What are key behaviors of infants at 6-8 weeks?
Eye contact, vocalizing, smiling, and pre-speech behaviors like mouth movements.
What is the “Still Face Experiment”?
infants become distressed when parents do not respond contingently to their behavior (Tronick et al., 1978).
What are the three types of maternal responses?
Mirroring, marking (positive/neutral), and negative responses.
What does mirroring promote in infants?
Development of social behaviors through attuned imitation of infant actions.
What is “topic-based relatedness”?
At 5 months, infants begin to engage in interactions involving a third focus, like objects or games.
What is “ostensive marking”?
Parents use exaggerated cues (e.g., eye contact, brow flash) to establish topics in interactions.
What are “triadic games”?
Interactions involving infants, parents, and objects, such as showing or explaining.
What is “connected-up relatedness”?
At 9-10 months, infants begin to understand shared interests and coordinate with others.
When do infants typically start pointing?
Between 9-14 months, often predicting vocabulary development (Tomasello, 2008).
What is gaze following?
Infants following another’s line of sight, predicting communication skills and vocabulary development
What is reciprocal play?
Interactive games like “peek-a-boo” that reinforce shared experiences and communication.
What is “secondary intersubjectivity”?
At 9-10 months, infants coordinate their interactions and recognize others’ engagement with the environment.
What is “cooperative relatedness”?
By 18 months, infants understand others’ experiences and engage in shared goals and cooperation.
How does teasing develop at 18 months?
infants playfully manipulate others’ expectations, showing understanding of shared experiences (Reddy, 2010).
What did Repacholi & Gopnik (1997) demonstrate about infant understanding?
infants select food preferred by their mother over their own preference when asked.
At what age do infants start helping in simple tasks?
Around 18 months (Warneken & Tomasello, 2006).
What does mirror recognition signify?
Self-awareness, as demonstrated by Lewis & Ramsay (2004).
What is pretend play and why is it important
Role-playing activities that foster understanding of others’ emotions and perspectives.
What is “cooperative compliance”?
Infants working together with others toward shared goals, promoting positive social behaviors.
How do parents support social development in the second year?
By offering opportunities for shared activities, pretend play, and discussions about emotions.
What is the role of intuitive parenting in development?
Parents adjust their behaviors to match the infant’s growing social understanding.
How does pointing relate to social and language development?
It demonstrates shared attention and predicts vocabulary acquisition.
What are the five stages of social development?
Basic attraction, core relatedness, topic-based relatedness, connected-up relatedness, cooperative relatedness.
How does social understanding predict Theory of Mind?
Early social skills like pointing and shared attention lay the foundation for understanding others’ mental states.
What did Tomasello (2008) highlight about infant communication?
Pointing and gaze following are crucial precursors to language and social skills.
What is the joy of shared interest?
The pleasure infants and adults derive from coordinating attention and sharing experiences.
What happens during the “Still Face” phase?
Infants become distressed when parents suddenly withdraw emotional engagement.
Why is early interaction critical?
It lays the foundation for communication, cooperation, and understanding of others’ experiences.
