Week 11

Question 1

How do 0-2 year olds view death?

Answer 1

a. Death is perceived as separation or abandonment.
b. Protest and despair from disruption in caretaking
c. No cognitive understanding of death.

Question 2

how do 2-6 year olds view death?

Answer 2

a. Death is reversible or temporary.
b. Death is personified and often seen as punishment.
c. Magical thinking that wishes can come true.

Question 3

how do 6-11 year olds view death?

Answer 3

a. Gradual awareness of irreversibility and finality
b. Specific death of self or loved one difficult to understand.
c. Concrete reasoning with ability to see cause-and-effect relationships.

Question 4

how do 11+ year olds view death?

Answer 4

a. Death is irreversible, universal, and inevitable.
b. All people and self must die, although latter is far off
c. Abstract and philosophical reasoning.

Question 5

Describe brain tumor statistics in children.

Answer 5

• Account for nearly 20% of all neoplasms in children under 15 y/o
  o Second behind leukemia
  o Leading cause of deaths in pediatric oncology patients
• Roughly 3.3 cases per 100,000 children in North America.
• CNS accounted for 16% of childhood cancer cases.
  o 44% were astrocytomas.
  o 20% were intracranial and intraspinal embryonal tumors.
  o 10% were ependymomas.
• Approximately 27% of the deaths caused by CNS cancers.

Question 6

A developing embryo has 3 germ cell layers, what are they?

Answer 6

• Ectoderm
• Mesoderm
• Endoderm

Question 7

Most childhood cancers arise from which germ cell layers?

Answer 7

mesoderm or ectoderm

Question 8

Most adult cancers arise from which germ cell layer?

Answer 8

endoderm

Question 9

What are the most common cancers among children less than 5 years of age?

Answer 9

a. Leukemia 31%
b. CNS tumor 21%
c. SNS 15%

Question 10

What are the most common cancers among children 5-9 years of age?

Answer 10

a. Leukemia 33%
b. CNS 32%
c. Lymphoma 12%

Question 11

What are the most common cancers among children 10-14 years of age?

Answer 11

a. CNS 28%
b. Leukemia 23%
c. Lymphoma 17%

Question 12

What are the most common cancers among children 15-19 years of age?

Answer 12

a. Lymphoma 20%
b. CNS 20%
c. Carcinoma 20%
d. Leukemia 14%

Question 13

Define pediatric cancer

Answer 13

a group of chronic disease characterized by uncontrolled growth and spread of abnormal cells which, if not adequately treated, results in the death of the patient.

Question 14

What are the two broad subcategories of pediatric cancer?

Answer 14

1. Hematological malignancies
   a. Leukemia (blood/bone marrow)
   b. Lymphoma (lymph)
2. Solid tumors
   a. CNS
   b. Neuroblastoma
   c. Rhabdomyosarcoma (muscle)
   d. Wilms tumor (kidneys)
   e. Ewing’s sarcoma
   f. Osteosarcoma (bone)

Question 15

List the differences between normal and malignant cells

Answer 15

• Perform genetically intended function vs mutated DNA alters instructions for function.
• Supportive vs parasitic to host
• Controlled vs uncontrolled reproduction.
• Remain in specified location vs invading surrounding tissues.
• Normal have apoptosis (programmed cell death) while malignant are immortal.
• Cell birth = cell death vs. cell birth > cell death