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Neuro > Week 11 > Flashcards

Week 11 Flashcards

1
Q

What are the most popular CAM modalities?

A
  • Herbal Medicine
  • Homeopathy
  • Aromatherapy
  • Massage
  • Reflexology
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2
Q

What is Homeopathy?

A

“Like cures like”
Use serial dilutions of a mother tincture

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3
Q

What are the harms of Homeopathy?

A
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4
Q

What are the harms of Herbal medication?

A
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5
Q

What are the two types of Chiropractic?

A

Straight
- Believe 95% of all disease are caused by displaced vertebrae

Mixed
- Believe it can be used to help with certain musculoskeletal issues

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6
Q

What are the harms of Chiropracty?

A
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7
Q

What are the harms of Acupuncture?

A
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8
Q

Describe the regulation of Adrenal Corticosteroids

A
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9
Q

What are some drugs used to limit the biosynthesis of Corticosteroids, Mineralocorticoids and Sex Hormones?

A
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10
Q

What is the MOA of Adrenal Steroids?

A
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11
Q

What are the primary functions of Cortisol?

A

Cortisol is the principal GLUCOCORTICOID

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12
Q

State some of the Anti-inflammatory & immunosyppressive effects of Cortisol

A
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13
Q

Describe the function of Mineralcorticoids

A
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14
Q

Describe the clinical use of Glucocorticoids in replacement therapy for Addison’s?

A
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15
Q

Describe the clinical use of Glucocorticoids in replacement therapy for secondary or tertiary adrenocortical insufficiency?

A
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16
Q

Describe the clinical use of Glucocorticoids in Diagnosis of Cushing’s syndrome?

A
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17
Q

Describe the clinical use of Glucocorticoids in Replacement therapy for congenital adrenal hyperplasia (CAH)?

A
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18
Q

Describe the clinical use of Glucocorticoids in Relief of inflammatory symptoms and immunosuppressive therapy?

A
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19
Q

Describe the clinical use of Glucocorticoids in Treatment of allergies?

A
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20
Q

What Glucocorticoid is used in the treatment of Neoplastic disease?

A
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21
Q

Describe the clinical use of Glucocorticoids in Acceleration of lung maturation: Respiratory distress syndrome?

A
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22
Q

What may cause Cushing’s syndrome?

A
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23
Q

How do we treat Cushing’s Syndrome?

A
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24
Q

Describe the most common causes of Primary Hyperaldosteronism

A
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25
Q

What are some Adverse / Unwanted effects of Glucocorticoid therapy?

A
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26
Q

What are the 4 parts of the tooth?

A
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27
Q

Describe Caries

A
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28
Q

What are the stages of tooth decay?

A
  • Small cavity
  • Pulpitis
  • Necrotic pulp
  • Periradicular abscess
  • Chronic Abcess
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29
Q

How can we manage/treat/prevent Caries?

A
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30
Q

Describe Periodontitis

A
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31
Q

What is Periodontitis linked/associated with?

A
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32
Q

What is the key to treatment of Periodontitis?

A

Biofilm destruction
Once damaged, it can’t be healed

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33
Q

Are antibiotics effective in the treatment of Oral disease?

A

No
They have limited use

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34
Q

What are some signs/symptoms of Oral Cancer?

A
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35
Q

What are some treatment options for Oral Cancer?

A
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36
Q

What are the two main causes of Dry Mouth, and what conditions may result in such?

A
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37
Q

Describe Hyposalivation secondary to gland pathology or damage from H+N radiotherapy/chemotherapy

A
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38
Q

Describe TMJD
(temporomandibular joint dysfunction)

A
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39
Q

What may oral ulceration be indicative of?

A
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40
Q

What may oral candidiasis be indicative of?

A
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41
Q

What is BRONJ/MRONJ?

A
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42
Q

Describe Pericoronitis

A
43
Q

What are some theories of the placebo effect?

A
44
Q

Describe Anthroposophic medicine

A
45
Q

Give a rough description of EBM

A
46
Q

What may be some issues when trying to study the effects of acupuncture?

A
47
Q

What is the efficacy of CAM?

A
48
Q

What are some Natural Impediments to making valid inferences around the efficacy of CAM?

A
49
Q

When are people most likely to turn to CAM?

A

At the peak of their symptoms in a chronic/long term condition

50
Q

What is “Regression to the mean” in CAM and placebo?

A
51
Q

What are some reasons for people using CAM?

A
52
Q

What is medical Pluralism?

A
53
Q

What are some ethical issues around CAM?

A
54
Q

What 4 Diseases may stem from Adrenal Hyperfunction?

A
  • Cushing’s syndrome
  • Conn’s syndrome
  • Adrenogenital syndrome & congenital adrenal hyperplasia
  • Adrenocortical neoplasms
55
Q

Describe Cushing’s syndromes features

A
56
Q

What are the 3 main causes of Cushing’s syndrome?

A
57
Q

Describe Conn’s syndrome

A
58
Q

What is the ratio of women to men in Conn’s
AND
What do most have?

A
59
Q

Describe Congenital adrenal hyperplasia

A
60
Q

Where do Primary Malignant Adrenal Neoplasms stem from?

A

Cortex
&
Medulla

61
Q

Where do Secondary Malignant Adrenal Neoplasms stem from?

A

Lung & Breast

Kidney
Colon
Melanoma
Lymphoma

62
Q

What do Adrenal Carinomas often secrete?

A

Sex Steroids

63
Q

What are some molecular expression changes in carcinomas?

A
64
Q

Describe Pheochromocytoma

A

Tumour of Chromaffin cells

65
Q

What are some Acute causes of Adrenal Hypofunction?

A
  • Meningococcal Septicaemia
  • Disseminated intravascular coagulation
66
Q

What are some Chronic causes of Adrenal Hypofunction?

A
  • Addison’s disease (autoimmune adrenalitis)
  • Metastasis, amyloid, TB
67
Q

Describe Addison’s disease’s:
- Features
- Causes
- Associations

A
68
Q

What are 3 less common causes of diabetes?

A
  • Pancreatitis
  • Cystic Fibrosis
  • Tumour
69
Q

What are some examples of Global Health issues?

A
  • Inequality
  • Debt
  • Austerity
  • Millitary industrial complex
  • Conflict
  • Pandemics
  • Climate / Environment
70
Q

What may be some motivaions for Global Health Policies?

A
71
Q

Define Global health

A
72
Q

Define Globalisation

A
73
Q

How do we measure Globalisation?

A

KOF index

74
Q

What can happen if up to 3 of the 4 parathyroid glands are not functioning?

A

The remaining Gland(s) can hypertrophy and compensate for the lack of other glands

75
Q

What cell secretes most if not all of PTH?

A

Chief cells of the parathyroid gland

76
Q

What does PTH stimulate/cause?

A
77
Q

Describe PTH synthesis

A
78
Q

Roughly describe the overall effects of PTH on ECF calcium and phospate ion conc

A
79
Q

How does PTH lead to a RISE in calcium?

A
80
Q

How does PTH lead to a DECREASE in phosphate?

A
81
Q

Describe cAMP mediation of the effects of PTH

A
82
Q

What are some common causes of Hypertrophy of Parathyroid glands?

A
  • Rickets
  • Pregnancy
  • Lactation
83
Q

What are some common causes of reduced size / decreased output of parathyroid glands?

A
  • High conc of calcium in diet
  • Increased dietary vit D
  • Bone reabsorption by factors other than PTH
84
Q

Roughly describe the effects of PTH on the Bones, kidneys, and intestine

A
85
Q

Name and describe the 2 phases of Calcium and Phosphate release from bone due to PTH

A
86
Q

How does PTH stimulate osteoclasts?

A
87
Q

What are the effects of PTH on the Kidneys?

A
88
Q

What are the effects of PTH on the Intestine?

A
89
Q

Describe the production of Vit D

A
90
Q

How does the body prevent overproduction of Vit D?

A
91
Q

How does Plasma Calcium levels effect the formation of 1,25-D3?

A
92
Q

Describe the Hormonal effect of Vit D to promote intestinal calcium absoption

A
93
Q

What is Vit D’s effect on Phosphate absoption?

A
94
Q

How does Vit D effect kidney’s excretion of calcium and phosphate?

A
95
Q

What are the effects of Vit-D on Bone and its relation to PTH?

A
96
Q

What are the effects of decreasing ECF calcium ions conc on PTH

A
97
Q

What are the effects of increasing ECF calcium ions conc on PTH

A
98
Q

How do we detect changes in ECF calcium conc?

A
99
Q

Describe Calcitonin

A
100
Q

What will increased ECF calcium conc do to Calcitonin secretion?

A

Stimulates Calcitonin secretion

101
Q

What are some Physiological roles of Calcium?

A
102
Q

Name a synthetic analogue for ACTH

A

Tetracosactide

103
Q

What are the respective treatments for Unilateral and Bilateral Conn’s syndrome?

A

Unilaeral - Surgery
Bilateral - Spironolactone

Neuro (14 decks)

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