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Neuro > Week 0 > Flashcards

Week 0 Flashcards

1
Q

What is Saltatory Conduction?

A

Rapid method via which electrical impulses travel down myelinated axon with excitation only occurring at nodes of Ranvier

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2
Q

What is Myasthenia Gravis?

A

Autoimmune disease of neuromuscular junction where antibodies block / destroy post-synaptic ACH receptors

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3
Q

What is the main sign of Myasthenia Gravis?

A

Drooping of one or both eyelids due to oculomotor weakness

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4
Q

Give 4 examples when NCS are used in focal neuropathies

A

Traumatic nerve injury
Carpal tunnel syndrome
Ulnar neuropathy
Radiculopathy

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5
Q

Give 4 examples when NCS are used in polyneuropathies

A

Diabetes mellitus
Motor neuron disease
Demyelinating polyneuropathies
Disorders of neuromuscular junction

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6
Q

What is Charcot-Marie Tooth disease?

A

A hereditary demyelinating polyneuropathy causing sensory and motor peripheral neuropathy

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7
Q

What are the signs of Charcot-Marie Tooth disease?

A

Difficulty walking, foot drop, high arched feet and hammer toe

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8
Q

What is Guillain-Barre syndrome?

A

An autoimmune, rapidly progressive demyelinating polyneuropathy

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9
Q

How does Guillain-Barre syndrome present?

A

As progressive peripheral neuropathy. May lead to respiratory muscular paralysis

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10
Q

What is Dysarthria?

A

Inability to speak due to weakness of muscles needed for speech

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11
Q

What is Dysphasia / Aphasia?

A

A partial / complete higher order inability to speak

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12
Q

What is Korsakoff’s syndrome?

A

A memory disorder due to vitamin B1 deficiency, associated with alcoholism

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12
Q

What is benign paroxysmal positional vertigo?

A

An inner ear problem that causes acute vertigo when the head is moved in certain positions

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12
Q

What is Chorea?

A

Sudden unintentional jerking of arms, legs and facial muscles

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13
Q

What is Athetosis?

A

Slow, writhing movements of fingers, limbs or trunk

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14
Q

Brain stem is made up of which 3 structures?

A

Mid brain, Pons, Medulla Oblongata

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15
Q

Telencephalon is made up of which 3 structures?

A

Cortex, Brain stem, Cerebellum

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16
Q

What are the 6 lobes of the brain?

A

Frontal, Parietal, Occipital, Temporal, Insula, Limbic

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17
Q

What are the main functions of the Frontal lobe?

A

Voluntary Movement (primary motor cortex + premotor cortex)
Language production (Broca’s area)
Personality (prefrontal cortex)

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18
Q

What are the main functions of the Parietal lobe?

A

Integration of somatosensory info (primary + secondary somatosensory cortices)
Language (Wernicke’s area)
Movement (Primary somatosensory cortex)

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19
Q

What are the main functions of the Temporal lobe?

A

Auditory processing (primary + secondary auditory cortices) Comprehension of speech (Wernicke’s area)
Olfaction (olfactory cortex)
Emotions; mainly fear (amygdala)
Conscious memory + learning (hippocampus)

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20
Q

What are the 2 main functions of the Occipital lobe?

A

Visual perception and processing (primary and secondary visual cortices)
Memory

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21
Q

What are the main functions of the Insula?

A

Olfaction
Taste
Discriminative touch

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22
Q

What are the 2 main functions of the limbic Lobe?

A

Behavioural and emotional responses
Learning + memory
(5F’s)

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23
Q

The lateral and medial Geniculate bodies are both a part of what structure?

A

Metathalamus
(Lat - vision)
(Med - hearing)

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24
Q

Hypophysial (Pituitary) Gland is made up of what two structures?

A

Neurohypophysis Post and Adenohypophysis Ant
(From roof of mouth and floor of diencephalon respectively)

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25
Q

Neurohypophysis secretes which two hormones?

A

Oxytocin from paraventricular nuc. and ADH from supraoptic nuc.

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26
Q

The mid brain is made from what 3 structures?

A

Tectum
Red nuc.
Substantia Nigra

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27
Q

The respiratory centre is located where in the brain?

A

Medulla and Pons

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28
Q

Area postrema is located where in the brain?

A

Medulla

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29
Q

What is Pyramidal Decussation and where does it occur?

A

The crossing of corticospinal axons leading to contralateral control
In the medulla

30
Q

Where is Norepinephrine produced?

A

Locus Ceruleus

31
Q

Where is Dopamine produced?

A

Substantia nigra pars compacta

32
Q

Where is Serotonin produced?

A

Raphe nuc.

33
Q

Where is ACH produced?

A

Basal nuc. of Meynert

34
Q

What structure, if damaged, would lead to a coma?

A

Reticular Formation

35
Q

What does the Dorsal and Ventral respiratory group control?

A

Inspiration (DRG) and Expiration (VRG) respectively

36
Q

Does the cerebellum control contra or ipsilaterally?

A

Ipsilaterally

37
Q

What is Uncal herniation?

A

Herniation of the uncus through the tentorial notch, compressing the ipsilateral crus cerebri

38
Q

What is Cerebellar tonsil herniation?

A

Herniation of cerebellar tonsil through foramen magnum (Life threatening)

39
Q

What are the 7 neuron modalities from medial to lateral?

A

GSE, GVE, SVE, GVA, SVA, GSA, SSA

40
Q

What is the direction of movement of Projection, Association, and Commissural fibres?

A

Up Down, Front Back, Left Right

41
Q

What are the 5 functions of Astrocytes?

A

Potassium metabolism
Blood brain barrier
XS neurotransmitter removal
Structural support
Repair

42
Q

Blood brain barrier is made from what 3 structures?

A

Astrocyte foot processes
Endothelial tight junctions
Basement membrane

43
Q

Name the 4 types of MS

A

Relapsing
Primary
Secondary
Progressive

44
Q

What are some of the treatments for MS?

A

Disease modifying therapies
High-dose corticosteroids
Physiotherapy

45
Q

What’s the formal name for the “pituitary” gland?

A

Hypophysial gland

46
Q

What are the 6 layers of the Neocortex from superficial to deep?

A

Molecular
Ext. granular
Ext. pyramidal
Int. granular
Int. pyramidal
Multiform

47
Q

What layers of the Neocortex receive and send inputs from other parts of the cortex / spinal cord?

A

Granular layers (Int. + Ext.)

48
Q

What layers of the Neocortex process information and send info to local and distant targets?

A

Pyramidal (Int. + Ext.)

49
Q

What symptoms are typical of damage to the frontal lobe?

A

Personality changes
Deficits in planning and initiative
Primitive reflexes

50
Q

What is the function of the Corpus Callosum?

A

Serves as a conduit allowing info to travel from one side of the brain to another

51
Q

What may be a cause of acromegaly?

A

Pituitary Adenoma

52
Q

What are the symptoms of a pituitary adenoma causing acromegaly?

A

Abnormal body growth & loss of peripheral vision (due to compression of optic chiasm)

53
Q

What is the optic Chiasm?

A

Location where the medial branches of the optic nerve cross over to other side of brain

54
Q

What is hemianopia?

A

loss of one half of your field of vision

55
Q

Where is the primary motor cortex?

A

Precentral gyrus

56
Q

Where is the somatosensory cortex?

A

Postcentral gyrus

57
Q

What’s the difference between Primary and Association cortex’s?

A

Primary receives and/or sends info with little processing, Association integrates info from various parts of brain to support higher order cognitive processes

58
Q

What is the role of the caudate nucleus?

A

Conduit for info moving from cortex to basal ganglia. Receives info relating to decision making, motivation, and motor control. Promotes behaviour that result in “reward”

59
Q

What lobe are the Hippocampus and Amygdala located in?

A

Temporal Lobe

60
Q

What is the Choroid plexus?

A

Network of blood vessels in each ventricle that produce CSF

61
Q

What structure closely follows the lateral geniculate nucleus?

A

Caudate nuc.

62
Q

What structure makes up the lateral walls of the 3rd Ventricle?

A

Thalamus

63
Q

What structure is the Cingulate gyrus a part of?

A

Limbic Lobe

64
Q

What two structures form the Dorsal striatum?

A

Caudate nuc. & Putamen

65
Q

Where is the cerebral aqueduct located?

A

the mid brain

66
Q

What are the 2 types of receptors in the postsynaptic membrane?

A

Ionotropic
and
Metabotropic

67
Q

Describe how Ionotropic receptors are activated

A

Directly
Gate ion flow

68
Q

Describe how Metabotropic receptors are activated

A

Indirectly
Gate ion flow or activate other pathways

69
Q

What is the hallmark of Myasthenia Gravis?

A

Fatiguability
(w/ painless weakness)

70
Q

What mediates stretch reflexes?

A

Muscle spindles

71
Q

When are Nerve conduction studies (NSC) indicated?

A

Useful for any focal sens or motor symptoms
Less useful in polyneuropathies
Less reliable in elderly

72
Q

What are the glial cells of the CNS?

A

Oligodendrocytes
Astrocytes
Microglia
Ependyma

73
Q

What are the glial cells of the PNS?

A

Schwann cells
Satellite cells

Neuro (14 decks)

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