Week 11 Flashcards
Define what is meant by “judgement”?
When people try to draw conclusions from the evidence they encounter, often evidence provided by lifes encounters.
Explain attribute substitution
A strategy in which you rely on easily assessed information as a proxy for the information you really need.
Describe the availability heuristic and how it may operate in everyday life.
Relying on availability as a substitute for frequency.
= A mental shortcut that leads us to rely on examples that immediately come to mind when evaluating a topic.
What is the representative heuristic?
when resemblance to known cases is used instead of judging a probability.
What is the difference between availability and representative heuristic?
Availability uses how easily you can think of examples vs representative judges how similar something is to a previously known case.
What is the difference between availability and representative heuristic?
Availability uses how easily you can think of examples vs representative judges how similar something is to a previously known case.
What do people sometime make errors rather than sound judgements?
Because people often rely on heuristics to make judgments and they are usually correct but emphasis on usually, they can lead to a number of judgement errors.
what is the gamblers fallacy?
The gambler’s fallacy is an erroneous belief that a random event is less or more likely to happen based on the results from a previous event.
What is the man- who argument?
A person uses the argument ‘I know a man who…” to provide a point of view. However this is only the experience of one man and should not outweigh the larger data.
Explain what is meant by neglect of base-rate information.
Base-rate information: information about how frequently something occurs in general.
When looking at the effect of something, you need to know the base rate information to know if the intervention was successful.
What is confirmation bias?
A greater sensitivity to confirming evidence and a tendency to neglect disconfirming evidence.
A tendency to protect your beliefs from challenge.
How can/does education influence thinking?
Education can train people to think about evidence and apply this ability to new domains and contexts.
What is type 1 vs type 2 thinking?
Type 1 - Fast, easy way of thinking, use heuristics
Type 2 - Slow, effortful way of thinking, rely on more accurate information
What is hte dual process model?
Suggest people use both types of thinking. Evidence suggests type 2 comes into play only if triggered by certain cues, under the right circumstances.
What is a syllogism?
A type of logical argument that begins with two assertions, each containing a statement about a category. The syllogism can then be completed with a conclusion that may or may not follow from these premises (may be correct or incorrect).
