Week 10 - Textile Industry

Question 1

1.
What percentage of all U.S. products shipped abroad on the eve of the Civil War was raw cotton?○
A. 45%○
B. 51%○
C. 61%○
D. 77%

Answer 1

C. 61%

Question 2

.
According to the sources, which of these was NOT a crucial ingredient in the production of raw cotton?○
A. Labour○
B. Land○
C. Technology○
D. Credit

Answer 2

C. Technology

Question 3

Which country was the flagship of global capitalism in 1861?○
A. France○
B. Great Britain○
C. The United States○
D. Russia

Answer 3

B. Great Britain

Question 4

What event marked the beginning of the Civil War?○
A. Confederate troops firing upon Fort Sumter○
B. A Union blockade preventing cotton from leaving the South○
C. Southern states seceding from the Union○
D. The Emancipation Proclamation

Answer 4

A. Confederate troops firing upon Fort Sumter

Question 5

.
What was the name given to the shortage of cotton that resulted from the Civil War?○
A. The Great Depression○
B. The Southern Strategy○
C. The Cotton Famine○
D. The Lancashire Slump

Answer 5

C. The Cotton Famine

Question 6

6.
What, according to the Manchester Cotton Supply Association, was the biggest constraint upon the global production of cotton?○
A. Land○
B. Climate○
C. Labour○
D. Credit

Answer 6

C. Labour

Question 7

.
Aside from the United States, which other countries saw increased cotton production during the Civil War?○
A. France and Russia○
B. Egypt, Brazil, and India○
C. Great Britain and the Zollverein○
D. China and Japan

Answer 7

B. Egypt, Brazil, and India

Question 8

What did Southern planters understand was vital to maintaining their economic and political power?○
A. Industrial development○
B. Increased trade with Europe○
C. The abolition of slavery○
D. The continued territorial expansion of slavery

Answer 8

D. The continued territorial expansion of slavery

Question 9

According to the sources, what did cotton capitalists believe was the most important factor in the successful reconstruction of cotton production?○
A. Access to new technologies○
B. Investment from European powers○
C. Unprecedented state activism○
D. The reintroduction of slavery

Answer 9

C. Unprecedented state activism○

Question 10

How did the Civil War impact the global cotton industry?○
A. It led to increased demand for American cotton.○
B. It had little impact, as other countries easily filled the gap in supply.○
C. It caused a “cotton famine” in Europe, disrupting economies and industries.○
D. It forced European nations to abandon cotton production altogether.

Answer 10

C. It caused a “cotton famine” in Europe, disrupting economies and industries.○

Question 11

What new systems for the mobilisation of labour were tested in cotton production after the Civil War?○
A. The reintroduction of slavery in new territories.○
B. Sharecropping, wage labour, and coolie workers.○
C. Increased automation in cotton farming and processing.○
D. Reliance on family farms with voluntary labour.

Answer 11

B. Sharecropping, wage labour, and coolie workers.

Question 12

.
The sources suggest that global economic development in the 19th century was often linked to:○
A. Free trade and open markets.○
B. Technological innovation and industrialisation.○
C. Physical coercion and exploitation of labour, including slavery.○
D. Peaceful cooperation and international diplomacy.

Answer 12

C. Physical coercion and exploitation of labour, including slavery.

Question 13

What was a major concern for European nations reliant on American cotton?○
A. The high cost of importing cotton from the U.S.○
B. Competition from other cotton-producing nations.○
C. The potential instability of the American political system, particularly due to slavery.○
D. The quality of American cotton being inferior to that of other countries.

Answer 13

C. The potential instability of the American political system, particularly due to slavery.

Question 14

How did enslaved people contribute to the outcome of the Civil War?○
A. They largely remained passive and obedient to their masters.○
B. They actively supported the Confederacy, hoping to preserve their way of life.○
C. They engaged in an agrarian insurrection, disrupting production and aiding Union forces.○
D. They played no significant role in the conflict.

Answer 14

C. They engaged in an agrarian insurrection, disrupting production and aiding Union forces.

Question 15

What innovation in the 1800s significantly sped up clothing production?○
A. Cotton Gin○
B. Spinning Jenny○
C. Sewing Machine○
D. Power Loom

Answer 15

C. Sewing Machine

Question 16

.
What event in the early 20th century highlighted the negative aspects of fast fashion?○
A. The Great Depression○
B. The Triangle Shirtwaist Factory Fire○
C. World War II○
D. The introduction of synthetic fabrics

Answer 16

B. The Triangle Shirtwaist Factory Fire

Question 17

5.
Which of the following is NOT considered a leading fast fashion retailer?○
A. Zara○
B. H&M○
C. TopShop○
D. Gucci

Answer 17

D. Gucci

Question 18

Which fast-fashion retailer opened its first store as Hennes in Sweden in 1947?○
A. Zara○
B. H&M○
C. TopShop○
D. Primark

Answer 18

B. H&M

Question 19

7.
Which publication first used the term “fast fashion” to describe Zara’s business model in 1990?○
A. Vogue○
B. Harper’s Bazaar○
C. New York Times○
D. Wall Street Journal

Answer 19

C. New York Times

Question 20

Which American fast fashion retailer opened as a small shop in Los Angeles in 1984?○
A. Wet Seal○
B. Express○
C. American Eagle○
D. Forever 21

Answer 20

D. Forever 21

Question 21

.
According to the sources, which factor contributed to the acceptance of low-cost fashion in the late 1990s and early 2000s?○
A. Economic recession○
B. It became chic to mix high and low fashion○
C. Increased awareness of sustainability○
D. The rise of social media

Answer 21

B. It became chic to mix high and low fashion

Question 22

What term describes the ability of mass production to make fashion accessible to people of different backgrounds?○
A. Fast fashion revolution○
B. Sustainable fashion○
C. Democratisation of fashion○
D. Ethical fashion

Answer 22

C. Democratisation of fashion

Question 23

.
What is identified as a major problem with the current fashion system?○
A. Lack of creativity in designs○
B. High prices of clothing○
C. Unjust labour practices and waste○
D. Slow production times

Answer 23

C. Unjust labour practices and waste

Question 24

Which of the following statements about the evolution of fashion is best supported by the sources?○
A. Fast fashion is a recent phenomenon with limited historical roots.○
B. Technological advancements have always benefited workers in the fashion industry.○
C. The desire for affordable and trendy clothing has driven changes in fashion production for centuries.○
D. Ethical concerns have been central to the fashion industry since its inception.

Answer 24

C. The desire for affordable and trendy clothing has driven changes in fashion production for centuries.

Question 25

3.
What is the main argument presented by the sources regarding the history of fast fashion?○
A. Fast fashion is a positive force that has democratised fashion.○
B. Fast fashion is unsustainable and must be replaced with slow fashion.○
C. Fast fashion is a complex system with a long history, evolving over time through various social and economic factors.○
D. Fast fashion is primarily driven by consumer demand for trendy clothing.

Answer 25

C. Fast fashion is a complex system with a long history, evolving over time through various social and economic factors.

Question 26

Before the 1800s, what was the primary source of materials for clothing production?○
A. Imported fabrics○
B. Factory-made textiles○
C. Raising sheep for wool○
D. Synthetic materials

Answer 26

C. Raising sheep for wool

Question 27

.
What factors contributed to the rapid growth of clothing manufacturing in the 1800s?○
A. Introduction of new textile machines and factories○
B. Increased demand for luxury goods○
C. Government subsidies for the textile industry○
D. The invention of synthetic dyes

Answer 27

A. Introduction of new textile machines and factories

Question 28

How did the Industrial Revolution impact the fashion industry?○
A. It led to a decline in demand for clothing.○
B. It introduced ready-made clothing and lowered prices.○
C. It shifted production exclusively to large factories.○
D. It made clothing more expensive and exclusive.

Answer 28

B. It introduced ready-made clothing and lowered prices.

Question 29

What role did “sweaters” play in the 19th-century clothing industry?○
A. They were designers who created new fashion trends.○
B. They were factory workers who operated sewing machines.○
C. They were individuals who worked from home for low wages.○
D. They were retailers who sold clothing to the public.

Answer 29

C. They were individuals who worked from home for low wages.

Question 30

What impact did World War II have on clothing production?○
A. It led to a decline in demand for clothing.○
B. It promoted individual tailoring and custom designs.○
C. It increased the standardization of clothing production.○
D. It encouraged the use of luxury fabrics and embellishments.

Answer 30

C. It increased the standardization of clothing production.○

Question 31

6.
What was the significance of the Triangle Shirtwaist Factory fire in 1911?○
A. It led to the closure of all garment factories in New York City.○
B. It highlighted the dangerous working conditions in the garment industry.○
C. It resulted in significant wage increases for garment workers.○
D. It sparked the development of new fire safety regulations for factories.

Answer 31

B. It highlighted the dangerous working conditions in the garment industry.

Question 32

How did youth culture in the 1960s influence the fashion industry?○
A. It led to a preference for formal and traditional clothing.○
B. It slowed down the pace of fashion trends.○
C. It increased the demand for cheaply made, trendy clothing.○
D. It promoted sustainable and ethical fashion practices.

Answer 32

C. It increased the demand for cheaply made, trendy clothing.

Question 33

What strategy did fashion brands adopt to meet the growing demand for affordable clothing in the 1960s?○
A. Outsourcing labor to developing countries.○
B. Investing in automation and robotic manufacturing.○
C. Reducing the quality of fabrics and materials.○
D. Limiting the variety of styles and designs offered.

Answer 33

A. Outsourcing labor to developing countries.

Question 34

Which factors make it challenging to identify the first true “fast fashion” retailer?○
A. Lack of historical records and documentation.○
B. Multiple companies with similar business models emerged around the same time.○
C. The term “fast fashion” was not used until the 21st century.○
D. Early retailers focused on selling basic rather than trendy clothing.

Answer 34

B. Multiple companies with similar business models emerged around the same time.

Question 35

What was the primary business model shared by early fast fashion retailers like Zara, H&M, TopShop, and Primark?○
A. Offering high-quality, durable clothing at premium prices.○
B. Focusing on classic designs that transcended seasonal trends.○
C. Providing trendy clothing at affordable prices.○
D. Emphasizing sustainability and ethical production practices.

Answer 35

C. Providing trendy clothing at affordable prices.

Question 36

What made American mall stores like Wet Seal, Express, and American Eagle unable to compete with global fast fashion giants?○
A. They lacked brand recognition and marketing strategies.○
B. They couldn’t produce new trends as quickly.○
C. They targeted a different demographic and age group.○
D. They refused to outsource labor to developing countries.

Answer 36

B. They couldn’t produce new trends as quickly.○

Question 37

What social shift contributed to the acceptance of low-cost fashion in the late 1990s and early 2000s?○
A. A decline in the value placed on personal appearance.○
B. The embrace of mixing high and low fashion became fashionable.○
C. Increased awareness of environmental issues and sustainability.○
D. A rejection of consumerism and material possessions.

Answer 37

B. The embrace of mixing high and low fashion became fashionable.○

Question 38

What does the article mean by the “democratization of fashion”?○
A. Giving voting rights to workers in the fashion industry.○
B. Promoting fair trade and ethical sourcing practices.○
C. Limiting the influence of luxury brands and designers.○
D. Making fashion accessible to people across different socioeconomic backgrounds.

Answer 38

D. Making fashion accessible to people across different socioeconomic backgrounds.

Question 39

14.
What are identified as the major problems with the current fashion system?○
A. Lack of creativity and originality in designs.○
B. Limited access to affordable clothing options.○
C. Unjust labor practices and excessive waste.○
D. Slow production times and delays in delivering new trends.

Answer 39

C. Unjust labor practices and excessive waste.

Question 40

2. Which city is identified as the primary hub of the Indian fashion industry in the source? * A. Mumbai * B. New Delhi * C. Bangalore * D. Ahmedabad

Answer 40

• B. New Delhi

Question 41

3. According to the source, what characteristic distinguishes the identity of the Indian fashion industry? * A. Avant-garde, futuristic designs. * B. Minimalist, understated styles. * C. Western-inspired cuts and tailoring. * D. Heavily embellished traditional styles.

Answer 41

D. Heavily embellished traditional styles.

Question 42

4. What is the primary focus of garments within the “wedding wear and traditional functional” segment of the Indian fashion industry? * A. Everyday casual wear. * B. Heavily decorated traditional clothing. * C. Western-style evening wear. * D. Sportswear-inspired designs.

Answer 42

B. Heavily decorated traditional clothing.

Question 43

What factor contributed to the limited appeal of Western clothing styles to Indian consumers in the 1980s? * A. Unavailability of Western clothing in the Indian market. * B. High import tariffs on Western clothing brands. * C. Cultural norms and a preference for Indian styles, especially for formal occasions. * D. Lack of awareness of Western fashion trends among Indian consumers.

Answer 43

C. Cultural norms and a preference for Indian styles, especially for formal occasions.

Question 44

6. What was a significant challenge faced by early fashion designers in India? * A. Competition from well-established international brands. * B. Convincing consumers of the value and justification of designer prices. * C. Sourcing high-quality fabrics and materials. * D. Finding skilled tailors and embroiderers.

Answer 44

B. Convincing consumers of the value and justification of designer prices.

Question 45

What strategy did early Indian fashion designers employ to overcome the challenges they faced? * A. Focusing on creating affordable, mass-produced clothing. * B. Copying Western fashion trends and designs. * C. Designing ornate, heavily embellished Indian-style clothing, particularly for weddings and special occasions. * D. Collaborating with international designers to gain recognition.

Answer 45

C. Designing ornate, heavily embellished Indian-style clothing, particularly for weddings and special occasions.

Question 46

8. How did the use of traditional Indian textiles and crafts benefit early fashion designers? * A. It allowed them to offer lower prices compared to Western-style clothing. * B. It helped them to differentiate their creations from existing alternatives and justify higher prices. * C. It enabled them to mass-produce garments efficiently. * D. It facilitated their entry into the Western fashion market.

Answer 46

B. It helped them to differentiate their creations from existing alternatives and justify higher prices.

Question 47

9. What claim did Indian fashion designers often make to promote their use of traditional textiles and crafts? * A. It was a way to challenge Western fashion dominance. * B. It contributed to the preservation of Indian heritage and supported rural artisans. * C. It aligned with global trends of sustainability and ethical fashion. * D. It catered to the demand for eco-friendly clothing among Indian consumers.

Answer 47

B. It contributed to the preservation of Indian heritage and supported rural artisans.

Question 48

10. What impact did the success of early designers’ strategy have on the Indian fashion industry? * A. It led to a decline in the demand for traditional Indian clothing. * B. It facilitated the adoption of Western fashion trends in India. * C. It reinforced the association of Indian fashion with opulent, embellished traditional garments. * D. It enabled Indian designers to compete directly with international luxury brands.

Answer 48

C. It reinforced the association of Indian fashion with opulent, embellished traditional garments.

Question 49

11. According to the source, what is a potential challenge for Indian designers seeking to expand globally? * A. The high cost of manufacturing and exporting garments from India. * B. The lack of awareness of Indian fashion among international consumers. * C. Balancing their Indian identity with the need to appeal to a global market that values Western innovation in fashion. * D. The difficulty of sourcing traditional Indian textiles and crafts in sufficient quantities.

Answer 49

C. Balancing their Indian identity with the need to appeal to a global market that values Western innovation in fashion.

Question 50

12. What does the source suggest about the future of Indian fashion? * A. It predicts the decline of traditional Indian styles in favour of Western trends. * B. It advocates for a complete rejection of Western fashion influences. * C. It acknowledges the evolving landscape and the potential for Indian designers to integrate their heritage with modern sensibilities. * D. It anticipates the dominance of Indian fashion in the global market.

Answer 50

C. It acknowledges the evolving landscape and the potential for Indian designers to integrate their heritage with modern sensibilities.

Question 51

Which of the following factors contributed to the slow development of the fashion industry in India after independence? * A. A centrally planned economy with an emphasis on austerity and limited consumerism. * B. A lack of skilled tailors and artisans. * C. A strong preference for Western clothing among Indian consumers. * D. Limited availability of raw materials for clothing production.

Answer 51

A. A centrally planned economy with an emphasis on austerity and limited consumerism.

Question 52

3. What was the initial purpose of the National Institute of Fashion Technology (NIFT) established in 1986? * A. To promote traditional Indian crafts and textiles globally. * B. To train individuals to meet the specifications of Western apparel firms for export purposes. * C. To establish India as a global fashion capital. * D. To offer vocational training in tailoring and garment construction.

Answer 52

B. To train individuals to meet the specifications of Western apparel firms for export purposes.

Question 53

. How did the emergence of Multidesigner Outlets (MDOs) impact the Indian fashion industry? * A. They led to a decline in the popularity of traditional tailoring services. * B. They made designer clothing less accessible to the average consumer. * C. They provided a platform for designers to showcase their creations and reach a wider customer base. * D. They shifted the focus of the industry from traditional Indian garments to Western styles.

Answer 53

C. They provided a platform for designers to showcase their creations and reach a wider customer base.

Question 54

What was the primary reason for the entry of Western fashion magazines like Elle into the Indian market in the 1990s? * A. Government initiatives to promote cultural exchange. * B. A surge in demand for Western fashion among Indian consumers. * C. The expansion of their advertisers into the Indian market. * D. Efforts to educate Indian designers about international fashion trends.

Answer 54

C. The expansion of their advertisers into the Indian market.

Question 55

What is the Fashion Design Council of India (FDCI) modelled after? * A. The British Fashion Council * B. The Camera Nazionale della Moda Italiana * C. Both the Chambre Syndicale de la Haute Couture in Paris and the Council of Fashion Designers of America (CFDA) in New York * D. None of the above

Answer 55

C. Both the Chambre Syndicale de la Haute Couture in Paris and the Council of Fashion Designers of America (CFDA) in New York

Question 56

According to the source, what is the unique selling point of Indian fashion designers? * A. Their innovative Western-style cuts and designs. * B. Their use of traditional Indian textiles and embellishments. * C. Their ability to create affordable, mass-produced clothing. * D. Their focus on sustainable and ethical fashion practices.

Answer 56

B. Their use of traditional Indian textiles and embellishments.

Question 57

8. What did Western designers such as Zandra Rhodes, John Galliano, and Alexander McQueen do that seemingly reinforced the appeal of the “Indian look” in the 1990s? * A. They collaborated with Indian designers on joint collections. * B. They incorporated Indian embroideries and garments into their creations. * C. They opened boutiques in major Indian cities. * D. They invested in the Indian textile and craft industry.

Answer 57

B. They incorporated Indian embroideries and garments into their creations

Question 58

9. What perception about Western designers did some Indian designers hold, as mentioned in the source? * A. Western designers had superior technical skills in garment construction. * B. Western designers were more creative and innovative in their designs. * C. Western designers did not fully appreciate or showcase Indian embroidery effectively. * D. Western designers were actively trying to exploit Indian crafts for their own profit.

Answer 58

C. Western designers did not fully appreciate or showcase Indian embroidery effectively.

Question 59

10. What potential challenge do Indian designers face when seeking global recognition, according to the source? * A. Balancing their Indian identity with the need to appeal to a global market that values Western innovation in fashion. * B. Overcoming negative perceptions about the quality of Indian manufacturing. * C. Dealing with the high costs of participating in international fashion events. * D. Finding skilled artisans who can meet the demands of international production.

Answer 59

A. Balancing their Indian identity with the need to appeal to a global market that values Western innovation in fashion.

Question 60

11. How has the growing demand for less overtly Indian and more modern styles within India impacted the industry? * It has led to a decline in the popularity of traditional Indian garments. * It has forced designers to abandon their Indian heritage in favour of Western trends. * It has created opportunities for younger designers to experiment with different styles while still being perceived as Indian. * It has resulted in a homogenisation of Indian fashion, blurring the lines between tradition and modernity.

Answer 60

It has created opportunities for younger designers to experiment with different styles while still being perceived as Indian.

Question 61

12. What does the source suggest about the future of the Indian fashion industry? * A. It predicts the eventual dominance of Western fashion trends in India. * B. It acknowledges the potential for Indian designers to integrate their heritage with modern sensibilities. * C. It anticipates the decline of traditional Indian craftsmanship. * D. It advocates for a return to the pre-independence era of limited consumerism.

Answer 61

B. It acknowledges the potential for Indian designers to integrate their heritage with modern sensibilities. *

Question 62

.
What phrase does the speaker use to describe the cotton industry’s approach to cost reduction?○
A. “Race to the bottom”○
B. “Survival of the fittest”○
C. “Chases cheap”○
D. “Profit over people”

Answer 62

C. “Chases cheap”

Question 63

2.
Which of the following is NOT a region where cotton was historically grown and used for textiles?○
A. South America○
B. Indus River Valley○
C. Early Egypt○
D. Northern Europe

Answer 63

○
D. Northern Europe

Question 64

.
How did cotton initially make its way into Europe?○
A. Trade routes established by the Roman Empire○
B. Introduction by Arab traders during the Crusades○
C. Alexander the Great’s army brought it back from India○
D. Columbus discovered it in the Bahamas

Answer 64

C. Alexander the Great’s army brought it back from India○

Question 65

Why did the British introduce slavery to their Virginia colony in the context of cotton production?○
A. To punish rebellious indigenous populations○
B. To compete with the Spanish for control of the cotton trade○
C. To establish a large, inexpensive workforce for cotton cultivation and processing○
D. To meet the growing demand for cotton in the European market

Answer 65

C. To establish a large, inexpensive workforce for cotton cultivation and processing

Question 66

What was the primary bottleneck in cotton production before the Industrial Revolution?○
A. Limited availability of arable land for cotton cultivation○
B. Difficulty in transporting raw cotton to manufacturing centres○
C. Lack of skilled weavers to create cotton fabric○
D. The time-consuming process of manually removing seeds from the cotton bolls

Answer 66

D. The time-consuming process of manually removing seeds from the cotton bolls

Question 67

What technological innovation dramatically increased the speed of seed removal from cotton?○
A. The spinning jenny○
B. The water frame○
C. Eli Whitney’s cotton gin○
D. The power loom

Answer 67

C. Eli Whitney’s cotton gin

Question 68

.
Which city became known as the “cotton capital of the world” during the Industrial Revolution?○
A. London○
B. Birmingham○
C. Manchester○
D. Liverpool

Answer 68

C. Manchester○

Question 69

What was the primary source of labour in early English cotton factories?○
A. Skilled male artisans○
B. Rural farmers seeking additional income○
C. Women and children○
D. Immigrants from other European countries

Answer 69

C. Women and children

Question 70

Why were children often employed to clean cotton machinery while it was still operating?○
A. They were more nimble and could reach tight spaces○
B. Stopping the machines to clean them would interrupt production and reduce profits○
C. Children were considered less valuable and therefore expendable○
D. Factory owners believed children were more resistant to the harmful effects of cotton dust

Answer 70

B. Stopping the machines to clean them would interrupt production and reduce profits

Question 71

What was the initial age restriction for employment in English cotton factories, as set by the 1833 Factory Act?○
A. 6 years old○
B. 7 years old○
C. 9 years old○
D. 12 years old

Answer 71

C. 9 years old○

Question 72

11.
How did the United States acquire the technology to build its own cotton mills?○
A. Through legal trade agreements with England○
B. By hiring skilled English workers to emigrate to America○
C. Through a combination of observation and industrial espionage○
D. By developing their own independent innovations

Answer 72

C. Through a combination of observation and industrial espionage

Question 73

Why did Francis Cabot Lowell, an American industrialist, feel the need to treat his factory workers better than their English counterparts?○
A. He was a strong advocate for workers’ rights and social justice○
B. He believed that happier workers would be more productive○
C. American workers had more opportunities for alternative employment and could easily leave if dissatisfied○
D. He feared government intervention and regulation if working conditions were too harsh

Answer 73

C. American workers had more opportunities for alternative employment and could easily leave if dissatisfied

Question 74

.
What event led to a significant increase in the demand for slaves in the American South?○
A. The invention of the steam engine○
B. The expansion of the cotton frontier westward○
C. The increasing popularity of cotton clothing in Europe○
D. All of the above

Answer 74

D. All of the above1

Question 75

14.
According to the economic historian Sven Beckert, what was the central element of the most dynamic production complex in human history?○
A. Industrial technology○
B. Global trade networks○
C. Colonial expansion○
D. Slavery

Answer 75

D. Slavery

Question 76

What was the economic impact of the American Civil War on the global cotton market?○
A. It led to a surge in cotton prices due to supply disruptions○
B. It forced England to rely on alternative sources of cotton, such as India and Egypt○
C. It created economic hardship in both the American North and South○
D. All of the above

Answer 76

D. All of the above

Question 77

What system of labour emerged in the American South after the abolition of slavery?○
A. Wage labour○
B. Indentured servitude○
C. Sharecropping○
D. Tenant farming

Answer 77

C. Sharecropping○

Question 78

What was the significance of the Triangle Shirtwaist Factory fire in 1911?○
A. It demonstrated the effectiveness of early fire safety regulations○
B. It led to the immediate closure of all sweatshops in New York City○
C. It exposed the exploitative working conditions and lack of safety measures in the garment industry○
D. It sparked a nationwide movement for workers’ rights and unionisation

Answer 78

C. It exposed the exploitative working conditions and lack of safety measures in the garment industry

Question 79

What has been the response of the garment industry to increased regulation and enforcement of labour standards in developed countries?○
A. Embracing ethical production practices and fair trade principles○
B. Investing in automation and technology to reduce reliance on human labour○
C. Relocating production to developing countries with weaker labour laws and lower wages○
D. Lobbying governments to weaken or repeal existing labour regulations

Answer 79

C. Relocating production to developing countries with weaker labour laws and lower wages○

Question 80

.
What event in 2013 highlighted the ongoing issues of worker exploitation and unsafe conditions in the garment industry?○
A. The fire at the Tazreen Fashions factory in Bangladesh○
B. The collapse of the Rana Plaza building in Bangladesh○
C. The strike by garment workers in Cambodia○
D. The boycott of fast fashion brands by Western consumers

Answer 80

B. The collapse of the Rana Plaza building in Bangladesh

Question 81

.
What was the primary motivation behind the British ban on Indian textiles?○
A. To preserve traditional British textile designs○
B. To promote fair trade practices between Britain and India○
C. To protect the interests of the British industrial and manufacturing sectors○
D. To prevent the spread of Indian culture and influence in Britain

Answer 81

C. To protect the interests of the British industrial and manufacturing sectors○

Question 82

.
How did the British government try to make Indian textiles less competitive in the British market?○
A. By banning the import of all Indian textiles○
B. By spreading rumours about the low quality of Indian textiles○
C. By implementing tariffs, taxes, and import duties on Indian textiles○
D. By encouraging British consumers to boycott Indian goods

Answer 82

C. By implementing tariffs, taxes, and import duties on Indian textiles○

Question 83

What impact did the British ban have on traditional Indian craftsmanship?○
A. It led to a revival of handloom weaving and other traditional techniques○
B. It forced Indian artisans to adopt Western production methods○
C. It undermined indigenous craftsmanship and eroded India’s cultural identity○
D. It had little impact, as Indian artisans continued to produce textiles for the domestic market

Answer 83

C. It undermined indigenous craftsmanship and eroded India’s cultural identity○

Question 84

.
What was the broader political and social objective of the British ban on Indian textiles?○
A. To promote cultural exchange between Britain and India○
B. To improve the living standards of Indian citizens○
C. To assert British control over India’s economy and society○
D. To prepare India for eventual independence

Answer 84

C. To assert British control over India’s economy and society○

Question 85

The Times of India article is categorized under which of the following topics?○
A. News○
B. Lifestyle○
C. Fashion○
D. All of the above

Answer 85

D. All of the above7

Question 86

What is the date of the latest update for the Times of India article?○
A. August 12, 2023○
B. August 14, 2023○
C. October 9, 2024○
D. The article does not list an update date

Answer 86

B. August 14, 2023○

Question 87

.
What is the main focus of the paper by Stephanie O. Crofton and Luis G. Dopico?○
A. The impact of fast fashion on the environment.○
B. The history of the fashion industry in Spain.○
C. The business model of Inditex and the growth of fast fashion.○
D. The role of technology in the fashion industry.

Answer 87

C. The business model of Inditex and the growth of fast fashion.

Question 88

.
What distinguishes the “fast fashion” model from traditional fashion industry practices?○
A. Reliance on star designers to set seasonal trends.○
B. Continuous adaptation of designs based on real-time customer demand.○
C. Manufacturing clothes months in advance of the intended sales season.○
D. Heavy reliance on advertising to market products.

Answer 88

B. Continuous adaptation of designs based on real-time customer demand.

Question 89

Which company is cited as the leading practitioner of fast fashion?○
A. Gap.○
B. H&M.○
C. Inditex.○
D. Abercrombie & Fitch.

Answer 89

C. Inditex.

Question 90

.
How does Inditex gather information about customer preferences?○
A. Exclusively through market research and trend forecasting agencies.○
B. By monitoring fashion shows, magazines, and street styles, and through direct feedback from its stores.○
C. By relying solely on the intuition and experience of its designers.○
D. Through extensive social media analysis and online surveys.

Answer 90

B. By monitoring fashion shows, magazines, and street styles, and through direct feedback from its stores.

Question 91

.
What is the frequency with which Inditex stores send sales data and place orders with headquarters?○
A. Daily.○
B. Twice weekly.○
C. Weekly.○
D. Monthly.

Answer 91

B. Twice weekly.

Question 92

.
What is the key characteristic of Inditex’s production model that deviates from the industry norm?○
A. Outsourcing all manufacturing to low-wage countries.○
B. Vertical integration of multiple stages of production within the company.○
C. Exclusively relying on automated production lines.○
D. Focusing solely on producing basic, timeless designs.

Answer 92

B. Vertical integration of multiple stages of production within the company.

Question 93

What is Inditex’s approach to the production stages with varying levels of capital and value-added intensity?○
A. Outsourcing all stages of production regardless of their complexity.○
B. Focusing only on the most labor-intensive stages of production.○
C. Performing the more capital-intensive and value-added stages internally, while outsourcing the more labor-intensive stages.○
D. Avoiding any externalization of production processes.

Answer 93

C. Performing the more capital-intensive and value-added stages internally, while outsourcing the more labor-intensive stages.

Question 94

How does Inditex’s view of fashion products differ from the conventional perspective?○
A. Inditex considers fashion products as long-lasting, durable goods.○
B. Inditex treats fashion products as non-durables with a short shelf life.○
C. Inditex focuses on creating timeless designs that transcend seasonal trends.○
D. Inditex prioritizes using sustainable and eco-friendly materials.

Answer 94

B. Inditex treats fashion products as non-durables with a short shelf life.

Question 95

What is the approximate duration of Inditex’s design-to-retail cycle?○
A. Five to six months.○
B. Five weeks.○
C. Two weeks.○
D. Twelve weeks.

Answer 95

B. Five weeks.

Question 96

What is the primary benefit of Inditex’s short design-to-retail cycle?○
A. It enables the company to bring new styles to stores quickly and update them constantly.○
B. It significantly reduces production costs by minimizing waste.○
C. It allows the company to focus on producing large quantities of a few key designs.○
D. It eliminates the need for physical stores, enabling the company to operate solely online.

Answer 96

A. It enables the company to bring new styles to stores quickly and update them constantly.

Question 97

.
How often does Inditex ship products to its stores?○
A. Twice a week.○
B. Weekly.○
C. Every twelve weeks.○
D. Monthly.

Answer 97

A. Twice a week.

Question 98

How does Inditex’s approach to pricing differ from the standard cost-plus method used in the industry?○
A. Inditex sets prices based on production costs and desired profit margins.○
B. Inditex first determines the prices customers are willing to pay for competitors’ products and then sets its prices accordingly.○
C. Inditex relies on dynamic pricing strategies, adjusting prices based on real-time demand.○
D. Inditex uses a subscription-based model, offering customers unlimited access to its products for a monthly fee.

Answer 98

B. Inditex first determines the prices customers are willing to pay for competitors’ products and then sets its prices accordingly.

Question 99

What is Inditex’s stance on advertising?○
A. Inditex invests heavily in traditional advertising channels like television and print media.○
B. Inditex focuses on online advertising through social media and search engine marketing.○
C. Inditex spends minimally on advertising, relying instead on factors like low prices, strategic store locations, and word-of-mouth.○
D. Inditex partners with celebrities and influencers to promote its products.

Answer 99

C. Inditex spends minimally on advertising, relying instead on factors like low prices, strategic store locations, and word-of-mouth.

Question 100

Despite its communication-intensive business model, how does Inditex manage its information technology (IT) spending?○
A. Inditex invests heavily in complex IT systems to manage its supply chain and operations.○
B. Inditex keeps its IT spending low, relying on basic technologies and informal communication channels.○
C. Inditex outsources all its IT needs to third-party providers.○
D. Inditex focuses on developing its proprietary software solutions.

Answer 100

B. Inditex keeps its IT spending low, relying on basic technologies and informal communication channels.

Question 101

When did Amancio Ortega Gaona launch his first Zara store?○
A. 1963.○
B. 1975.○
C. 1983.○
D. 1985.

Answer 101

B. 1975.

Question 102

What factors contributed to the success of Inditex despite operating in Galicia, a region without a strong fashion tradition?○
A. Government subsidies and tax breaks specifically for the textile industry.○
B. A readily available pool of highly skilled fashion designers.○
C. Inditex’s ability to adapt to changing market conditions and consumer demand, including moving upmarket to cater to wealthier customers.○
D. An abundance of cheap labor and raw materials in the region.

Answer 102

C. Inditex’s ability to adapt to changing market conditions and consumer demand, including moving upmarket to cater to wealthier customers.

Question 103

.
How did Inditex finance its growth in its early years?○
A. Through venture capital funding and private investments.○
B. By taking on significant amounts of debt.○
C. Primarily through internal funds generated from profits and by paying low dividends.○
D. Through government grants and subsidies.

Answer 103

C. Primarily through internal funds generated from profits and by paying low dividends.

Question 104

.
What challenges does Inditex face as it expands internationally?○
A. Maintaining its centralized sourcing model while catering to diverse global markets.○
B. Adapting its fast fashion model to countries with different cultural norms and fashion preferences.○
C. Finding suitable retail locations in prime shopping districts worldwide.○
D. All of the above.

Answer 104

D. All of the above.

Question 105

What is Inditex’s current approach to sourcing from China?○
A. Inditex has completely shifted its production to China to take advantage of lower labor costs.○
B. Inditex has avoided sourcing from China due to concerns about quality and ethical issues.○
C. While increasing sourcing from China and opening stores there, Inditex still maintains a significant portion of its production in Spain and nearby countries.○
D. Inditex has entered into a joint venture with a Chinese textile manufacturer to produce its products.

Answer 105

C. While increasing sourcing from China and opening stores there, Inditex still maintains a significant portion of its production in Spain and nearby countries.

Question 106

20.
What is Inditex’s strategy for managing its multiple brands?○
A. All brands are centrally managed with a uniform product offering and store design.○
B. Each brand is managed largely independently, targeting specific demographic groups with distinct offerings and store aesthetics.○
C. Inditex regularly rotates its brand portfolio, introducing new brands and phasing out underperforming ones.○
D. Inditex uses its brands to experiment with different fashion trends and business models.

Answer 106

B. Each brand is managed largely independently, targeting specific demographic groups with distinct offerings and store aesthetics.

Question 107

What was the primary reason behind Inditex’s initial public offering (IPO) in 2001?○
A. To raise capital for expansion into new markets.○
B. To allow existing owners to sell some of their shares and begin a transfer of control.○
C. To enhance the company’s public image and brand recognition.○
D. To gain access to new funding sources through debt financing.

Answer 107

B. To allow existing owners to sell some of their shares and begin a transfer of control.

Question 108

.
How has Inditex’s dividend policy evolved since its IPO?○
A. Inditex has maintained its low-dividend policy, prioritizing reinvesting profits into the business.○
B. Inditex has shifted to a higher dividend payout ratio, recognizing investor expectations for returns.○
C. Inditex has implemented a stock buyback program to return value to shareholders.○
D. Inditex has eliminated dividend payments altogether, focusing solely on share price appreciation.

Answer 108

B. Inditex has shifted to a higher dividend payout ratio, recognizing investor expectations for returns.

Question 109

What is the current outlook for Inditex and the fast fashion model?○
A. Inditex’s growth is expected to decline sharply due to increasing competition from online retailers.○
B. The fast fashion model is becoming unsustainable due to growing concerns about its environmental and ethical impact.○
C. While Inditex’s growth may eventually slow down, the company is expected to continue expanding, and the fast fashion model is influencing other companies in the industry.○
D. Inditex is predicted to be overtaken by other fast fashion companies like H&M and Forever 21.

Answer 109

C. While Inditex’s growth may eventually slow down, the company is expected to continue expanding, and the fast fashion model is influencing other companies in the industry.

Question 110

Which of the following is a primary reason for the textile industry’s significant ecological footprint?○
A. The use of renewable energy sources in textile production.○
B. The short lifespan of fast fashion garments.○
C. High energy and water consumption in textile manufacturing processes.○
D. The decline in demand for synthetic fibres like polyester.

Answer 110

C. High energy and water consumption in textile manufacturing processes.

Question 111

What is the main driver behind the majority of global fibre production?○
A. Industrial textiles.○
B. Clothing.○
C. Automotive textiles.○
D. Geo-textiles.

Answer 111

B. Clothing.

Question 112

Which countries are identified as major textile production hubs that rely heavily on coal for energy?○
A. The United States, Germany, and Japan.○
B. France, Italy, and Spain.○
C. China, India, and Bangladesh.○
D. Brazil, Russia, and South Africa.

Answer 112

C. China, India, and Bangladesh.

Question 113

What is the term used to describe the practice of producing cheaply manufactured, low-quality clothing designed for short-term trends?○
A. Sustainable fashion.○
B. Slow fashion.○
C. Fast fashion.○
D. Ethical fashion.

Answer 113

C. Fast fashion.

Question 114

Besides transportation, what other factor related to garment care contributes to the textile industry’s carbon footprint?○
A. Repairing and mending clothes.○
B. Washing, drying, and ironing.○
C. Donating old clothes to charity.○
D. Upcycling and repurposing garments.

Answer 114

B. Washing, drying, and ironing.○

Question 115

Which of the following is NOT a consequence of textile waste disposal in landfills or incineration?○
A. Release of hazardous chemicals.○
B. Emission of greenhouse gases.○
C. Reduction in reliance on fossil fuels.○
D. Environmental pollution.

Answer 115

C. Reduction in reliance on fossil fuels.

Question 116

.
How does the production of polyester compare to cotton in terms of carbon emissions?○
A. Polyester production emits significantly less CO2e than cotton production.○
B. Polyester production emits significantly more CO2e than cotton production.○
C. Both polyester and cotton production emit roughly the same amount of CO2e.○
D. The carbon emissions from polyester and cotton production are negligible.

Answer 116

B. Polyester production emits significantly more CO2e than cotton production.

Question 117

What is the primary environmental concern associated with the production of rayon, viscose, and modal fabrics?○
A. Water pollution from chemical dyes.○
B. Deforestation due to the use of wood pulp.○
C. Excessive energy consumption during manufacturing.○
D. Release of microplastics into the environment.

Answer 117

B. Deforestation due to the use of wood pulp.

Question 118

What is the second largest driver of global greenhouse gas emissions, as mentioned in the text?○
A. Textile production.○
B. Deforestation.○
C. Transportation.○
D. Agriculture.

Answer 118

B. Deforestation.

Question 119

Which of the following is NOT a sustainable solution proposed for transitioning the textile industry to a circular model?○
A. Regenerative farming practices.○
B. Investing in pollution prevention technology.○
C. Increasing the production of fast fashion garments.○
D. Implementing extended producer responsibility (EPR) legislation.

Answer 119

C. Increasing the production of fast fashion garments.

Question 120

What is the primary goal of the Paris Climate Change Agreement in relation to global warming?○
A. To promote economic growth in the fashion industry.○
B. To encourage the use of synthetic fibres over natural fibres.○
C. To limit global warming to 1.5°C above pre-Industrial Revolution levels.○
D. To increase global textile production and consumption.

Answer 120

C. To limit global warming to 1.5°C above pre-Industrial Revolution levels.○

Question 121

Which of the following is a key aspect of decarbonising the textile industry?○
A. Maintaining reliance on coal-based energy sources.○
B. Introducing renewable energy sources and phasing out coal.○
C. Expanding the production of synthetic fibres like polyester.○
D. Encouraging longer global supply chains for textile production.

Answer 121

B. Introducing renewable energy sources and phasing out coal.○

Question 122

What term describes the practice of moving manufacturing closer to the consumer market, potentially reducing transportation emissions?○
A. Offshoring.○
B. Nearshoring or reshoring.○
C. Globalization.○
D. Outsourcing.

Answer 122

B. Nearshoring or reshoring.

Question 123

How can digital product development systems contribute to reducing the environmental impact of the textile industry?○
A. By increasing the reliance on physical samples and prototypes.○
B. By promoting the production of fast fashion garments.○
C. By reducing transport costs and the need for physical production in some cases.○
D. By encouraging the use of unsustainable materials.

Answer 123

C. By reducing transport costs and the need for physical production in some cases.

Question 124

Which of the following government policies is crucial for removing barriers to decarbonisation in the textile industry?○
A. Providing subsidies and incentives for fossil fuel-based energy sources.○
B. Offering financial support and infrastructure for renewable energy sources.○
C. Relaxing supply chain regulations and obligations.○
D. Discouraging the development of a circular economy model.

Answer 124

B. Offering financial support and infrastructure for renewable energy sources.○

Question 125

According to the sources, what is a noticeable shift in consumer preferences regarding textile products?○
A. Consumers are demanding cheaper and more disposable clothing.○
B. Consumers are paying more attention to the environmental footprint of textiles.○
C. Consumers are showing a preference for synthetic materials over natural ones.○
D. Consumers are less concerned about the ethical implications of fast fashion.

Answer 125

B. Consumers are paying more attention to the environmental footprint of textiles.

Question 126

Which of the following is NOT a sustainable consumer behaviour mentioned in the text?○
A. Preferring sustainable materials.○
B. Choosing environmentally friendly garment care methods.○
C. Engaging in garment recycling, rental, and repair practices.○
D. Prioritising the purchase of new fast fashion items over secondhand clothing.

Answer 126

D. Prioritising the purchase of new fast fashion items over secondhand clothing.

Question 127

What are two major factors that drive demand in the textile industry?○
A. Consumer tastes and product cost.○
B. Fashion trends and advertising.○
C. Celebrity endorsements and social media.○
D. Manufacturing efficiency and innovation.

Answer 127

A. Consumer tastes and product cost.

Question 128

Where can one find the earliest trade hubs for textiles?○
A. Ancient Egypt, Greece, and Rome.○
B. Medieval Europe, Russia, and Japan.○
C. Ancient China, Turkey, and India.○
D. Pre-Columbian America, Africa, and Australia.

Answer 128

C. Ancient China, Turkey, and India.

Question 129

.
What is the globalEDGE page on Apparel and Textiles useful for?○
A. It lists upcoming events relevant to the textile market, the largest global apparel corporations, and background information on the textile and apparel industry.○
B. It offers tutorials and resources for aspiring fashion designers and textile industry professionals.○
C. It provides data and analysis on global trade patterns and market trends in the textile sector.○
D. It features interviews and case studies with leading experts and entrepreneurs in the fashion industry.

Answer 129

A. It lists upcoming events relevant to the textile market, the largest global apparel corporations, and background information on the textile and apparel industry.

Question 130

What are the two primary drivers of success for companies in the textile industry?○
A. Brand recognition and marketing strategies.○
B. Technological innovation and research and development.○
C. Operating efficiently and securing contracts with clothing marketers.○
D. Sustainable practices and ethical sourcing of materials.

Answer 130

C. Operating efficiently and securing contracts with clothing marketers.

Question 131

What was one of the catalysts for the formation of the world’s first international commercial highway?○
A. The Roman Empire’s demand for spices.○
B. Ancient Chinese silk.○
C. The invention of the wheel.○
D. The Black Plague.

Answer 131

B. Ancient Chinese silk.○

Question 132

.
When did the main routes of the Silk Road begin to be established?○
A. Around 1000 to 2000 BCE.○
B. Around 500 to 1000 BCE.○
C. Around 100 to 200 BCE.○
D. Around 300 AD.

Answer 132

C. Around 100 to 200 BCE.

Question 133

Why was silk clothing reserved for wealthy aristocrats and government elites in the Roman Empire?○
A. Because it was considered too casual for everyday wear.○
B. Because the vibrant colours were thought to clash with Roman architecture.○
C. Because of the scarcity of supply and high cost.○
D. Because wool was considered a more sustainable fabric.

Answer 133

C. Because of the scarcity of supply and high cost.

Question 134

Why was the supply of silk scarce in the Roman Empire?○
A. Because the manufacture of silk was a Chinese state secret for centuries.○
B. Because silkworms were only found in a small region of China.○
C. Because the journey along the Silk Road was perilous and many shipments were lost.○
D. Because silk was being hoarded by Chinese merchants to inflate prices.

Answer 134

A. Because the manufacture of silk was a Chinese state secret for centuries.

Question 135

Apart from tangible goods like silk, spices, and gems, what was the most lasting effect of the Silk Road?○
A. Improved diplomatic relations between China and the Roman Empire.○
B. Advances in military technology and strategy.○
C. The transfer of culture and ideas between Western and Asian cultures.○
D. A standardised system of weights and measures used across Eurasia.

Answer 135

C. The transfer of culture and ideas between Western and Asian cultures.

Question 136

What major historical event is the Silk Road believed to be the primary facilitator of?○
A. The fall of the Roman Empire.○
B. The Black Plague.○
C. The Crusades.○
D. The Renaissance.

Answer 136

B. The Black Plague.

Question 137

The Silk Road is mentioned as an example of which concept?○
A. Cultural diffusion○
B. Globalisation.○
C. Supply and demand.○
D. All of the above.

Answer 137

D. All of the above.

Question 138

Where did the Industrial Revolution begin?○
A. France○
B. The United States○
C. England○
D. China

Answer 138

C. England

Question 139

What motivated Britain to produce more goods during the 1700s?○
A. A sense of national pride.○
B. Pressure from other European nations.○
C. A desire to help its colonies.○
D. The value of trade.

Answer 139

D. The value of trade.

Question 140

What is the name of the system in which textiles were made by hand before the Industrial Revolution?○
A. The “cottage industry.”○
B. The “domestic system.”○
C. The “putting-out system.”○
D. All of the above are acceptable names for this system.

Answer 140

A. The “cottage industry.”

Question 141

Why did Britain need to find a new way to produce textiles during the Industrial Revolution?○
A. Because people were tired of the “cottage industry” system.○
B. Because the quality of textiles produced in the “cottage industry” was too low.○
C. Because Britain needed to meet the large demand for textiles overseas.○
D. Because new technology allowed for the production of different types of textiles.

Answer 141

C. Because Britain needed to meet the large demand for textiles overseas.

Question 142

.
What new technologies improved the quality and speed of textile production during the Industrial Revolution?○
A. Hargreave’s “spinning jenny”○
B. Richard Arkwright’s water frame○
C. The Boulton and Watt steam engine○
D. All of the above

Answer 142

D. All of the above

Question 143

Who brought English textile technology to the United States?○
A. Eli Whitney○
B. Richard Arkwright○
C. Samuel Slater○
D. Francis Cabot Lowell

Answer 143

C. Samuel Slater

Question 144

What American invention further benefited the production of textiles?○
A. Eli Whitney’s cotton gin○
B. Elias Howe’s sewing machine○
C. Robert Fulton’s steamboat○
D. Cyrus McCormick’s reaper

Answer 144

A. Eli Whitney’s cotton gin

Question 145

Which of the following was a result of the Industrial Revolution?○
A. More people lived in cities.○
B. The middle class grew.○
C. Women entered the workforce.○
D. All of the above

Answer 145

D. All of the above

Question 146

Why were women often hired to work in textile factories during the Industrial Revolution?○
A. They provided cheap labor.○
B. Many women sought the independence that a job could provide.○
C. They were considered to be better at textile work than men.○
D. A and B

Answer 146

D. A and B

Question 147

.
What is the term for a factory where workers face exploitative and unhealthy conditions?○
A. Textile mill○
B. Sweatshop○
C. Black Market○
D. Free Trade Zone

Answer 147

B. Sweatshop

Question 148

In which two countries does the textile industry make up a significant portion of export earnings, as mentioned in the source?○
A. China and India○
B. Cambodia and Bangladesh○
C. The United States and England○
D. China and the United States

Answer 148

B. Cambodia and Bangladesh

Question 149

How are “homeworkers” in the textile industry typically compensated?○
A. By the hour○
B. With a monthly salary○
C. At a per-piece rate○
D. Through a combination of salary and commission

Answer 149

C. At a per-piece rate