Week 10 - Narrow Transcription

Question 1

Narrow Transcription

Answer 1

• English allophonic variation
• Rules can be opional, or not
• Priority is to transcribe what is actually said

Question 2

Aspiration

Answer 2

Voiceless stops /p, t, k/ [pʰ, tʰ, kʰ]

• In the onset (syllable-initial)
• First consonant of the onset
• In stressed syllable (primary or secondary)
• Obligatory

Question 3

Non-release

Answer 3

Oral stops /p, b, t, d, k, g/ [p˺, b˺, t˺, d˺, k˺, g˺]
- Stop followed immediately by another stop
(bag pack) (obligatory)
- Stop occurs at the end of the word (optional)
- Obligatory AND Optional

Question 4

Flapping / Tapping

Answer 4

Alveolar stops /t, d/ - [ɾ]

• Flap must be followed by an unstressed vowel (butter)
• Obligatory

Question 5

Glottalization

Answer 5

Alveolar stops /t, d/ - [ʔ]

• Usually before [ən] (kitten)
• Obligatory

Question 6

Velarization

Answer 6

Lateral /l/ - [ɫ] Light vs. dark

• Velarized word-finally or in a word-final consonant
• Coda /l/ is sometimes preceded by a schwa when the word has a /u/ (pool) (shwa insertion)
• Obligatory

Question 7

Phonemic Diphthongs

Answer 7

/͜ai, ͜au, ͜oi/

• Function of a single phoneme
• Changes meaning of words (boy vs. buy)
• Obligatory

Question 8

Phonetic Diphthongs

Answer 8

͜/ii, ͜uu, ͜ei, ͜ou/

• Occurs in a syllable that receives primary stress
• Also called “lengthening”
• Obligatory

Question 9

Canadian Raising

Answer 9

/͜ai/ /͜Ʌi/ - /͜au/ /͜Ʌu/

• Occurs before voiceless consonants
• Obligatory

Question 10

Vowel Reduction

Answer 10

/ə/

• Vowels in tertiary (a.k.a. unstressed) are usually reduced to /ə/
• Do not reduce final unstressed /i/ (happy)
• Obligatory AND Optional