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z Geog 111 > Week 10 - Biogeography II > Flashcards

Week 10 - Biogeography II Flashcards

1
Q

How does biogeography relate to geography?

A

Geography: Why what is where.
Biogeography: Where species are and why they are there.

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2
Q

What is endemism?

A

Being unique as a species within a certain geographical area.

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3
Q

What is the difference between being endemic and indigenous or native?

A

Indigenous or native species are found in a given area, but may also occur elsewhere.

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4
Q

What are some areas with high endemism?

A

Madagascar, Hawaii, New Caledonia, Lake Baikal, the Galapagos Islands.

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5
Q

What are five barriers that contribute to endemism?

A

Islands, mountain ranges, rivers, transition to desert, or another biome

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6
Q

What are some factors that limit what kind of species can be found on or around mountains?

A

Terrain, wind, life zones, etc.

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7
Q

What are some causes of species distribution?

A

Climates; soil; predators, prey, and symbionts; and other species that provide habitats.

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8
Q

Which soil factors can affect species distribution?

A

Minerals, moisture, precipitation, evaporation (controlled by wind and insolation), and erosion.

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9
Q

Which temperature factors can affect species distribution?

A

Extremes, averages, seasonality, duration, diurnal differences.

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10
Q

Where do plant species obtain nutrients from?

A

The soil.

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11
Q

What abiotic factors in regards to the soil may affect species distribution?

A

Abiotic factors such as pH, nitrogen and phosphorus content, soil grain size may limit range

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12
Q

What climate factors can affect species distribution?

A

Temperature, humidity, wind velocity, and sunlight.

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13
Q

How does wind velocity affect species distribution?

A

It affects evaporation, seed distribution, and the way plants grow.

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14
Q

What factor of sunlight is important in regards to species distribution?

A

Photoperiod, which is affected by latitude and altitude.

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15
Q

Which topography factors can affect species distribution?

A

Slope, altitude, and aspect (direction of slope).

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16
Q

What is a cosmopolitan species?

A

A species that occurs wherever that environment occurs.

17
Q

Give examples of cosmopolitan species.

A

Humans, cats, krill, rats, blue whales.

18
Q

Why are only a few species considered cosmopolitan?

A

Because most species only occur on one continent.

19
Q

How does a species become cosmopolitan?

A

Two ways:

  1. Broad range of environmental tolerances
  2. Rapid dispersal compared to the time needed for evolution
20
Q

What are the two main camps for why species occur where they do?

A

Environmental and historical

21
Q

What are some historical reasons for species distribution?

A

continental drift, sea level changes, and glaciations

22
Q

What is niche theory concerned with?

A

Environmental causes for species distribution.

23
Q

What do we assume about “where they ain’t” in niche theory?

A

We assume that “where they ain’t” is a random distribution.

24
Q

How does niche theory work?

A

It’s the process of using computer algorithms to predict the distribution of species in geographic space on the basis of a mathematical representation of their known distribution in environmental space (= realized ecological niche).

25
Q

How does the WWF define an ecoregion?

A

A large unit of land or water containing a geographically distinct assemblage of species, natural communities, and environmental conditions

26
Q

What is the definition of an ecoregion?

A

There is no simple, single way to define them.

27
Q

What is the difference between a bioregion and a biome?

A

Although they are both continental, a bioregion is historical whereas a biome is environmental.

28
Q

What is the difference between an ecoregion and an ecosystem?

A

An ecosystem is a small area whereas an ecoregion is a larger area–a region.

29
Q

What is an ecotone?

A

A transition zone between two biomes; the borders of biomes are not sharply defined, and they tend to merge from one to the other; these areas of murky definition are called ecotones.

30
Q

Most _______ are quite variable with _______ that are different from the _______ in which they’re located.

A

Most ecoregions are quite variable with ecosystems that are different from the biome in which they’re located.

31
Q

In layman terms, how does niche theory work?

A

After determining what combination of environmental factors a species is likely to occur under, we can then plop that info onto a geographical space to try and determine where a species might occur.

32
Q

What is an example of niche theory in practice?

A

New Zealand placing endangered birds on islands that are suitable, though not native to the birds; modelling fauna distribution under global climate change scenarios; modelling the geography of species invasion.

z Geog 111 (11 decks)

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