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PYB260 > Week 10 - Alcohol > Flashcards

Week 10 - Alcohol Flashcards

1
Q

what is alcohol

A
  • isopropyl
  • methanol
  • ethanol
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2
Q

fermentation

A
  • sugar dissolved in water
  • yeasts multiply & convert sugar into ethanol & CO2
  • alcohol content about 10-15%
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3
Q

distillation process

A
  • fermentation -> heated -> alcohol given off in vapour -> vapour cooled
  • alcohol content ~ 40-50%
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4
Q

measurement of alcohol

A
  • BAL/BAC: concentration of alcohol in whole blood
  • usually mg alcohol/100ml whole blood (or % of alchol in the blood
  • SI units mmol/l
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5
Q

administration method

A

generally oral

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6
Q

can the molecules be ionized?

A

no therefore pH levels have no effect on absorption

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7
Q

absorption

A
  • readily dissolves in water & passes into blood from stomach lining, intestines & colon
  • 1st pass metabolism - alcohol dehydrogenase in stomach
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8
Q

what is absorption rate and blood alchol level affected by?

A
  • stomach contents
  • body fat, age
  • female: decreased alcohol dehydrogenase in stomach and increased body fat
  • medication
  • concentration of alcohol in beverage
  • usage (abstainers vs regular)
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9
Q

general absorption rates

A
  • plateau ~1 hr after consumption
  • peak levels: 15 minutes later
  • drink type affects absorption
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10
Q

distribution

A
  • alcohol dissolves in water therefore distributed entirely in body water
  • crosses bbb & placental barrier
  • circulates through lungs & vaporizes in air
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11
Q

excretion

A
  • some alcohol is excreted through breath sweat and urine
  • most metabolized in liver (~90-98%) at a rate of 1 standard drink/hr
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12
Q

2 step metabolisation process in the liver

A
  1. alcohol is converted to acetaldehyde by alcohol dehydrogenase
  2. acetaldehyde is converted into acetate; which escapes into bloodstream, some acetate then converted to acetyl-coenzyme A
    acetyl-coenzyme A converted to water and CO2
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13
Q

excretion

A
  • vary greatly between individuals (avg ~10-20mg/100ml/hr)
  • metabolism depends on drinking experience
  • eating speeds metabolism of alcohol
  • excretion of methanol
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14
Q

Microsomal ethanol-oxidizing system (MEOS)

A
  • also responsible for metabolism of alcohol
  • increased activity with continuous drinking - heavy drinkers metabolize quicker
  • metabolizes barbituates - cross-tolerance
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15
Q

interesting features of alcohol

A
  1. alcohol affects a variety of tissues
  2. need large dose to have an effect
  3. no drugs act as complete antagonists to all of the effects of alcohol
    - alcohol does not work directly on specific receptor sites, but affects many sites of action
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16
Q

glutamate (excitatory NT)

A
  • alcohol decreases functioning at NMDA receptor (blocks ion channel)
  • chronic exposure causes up-regulation of NMDA & glutamate
  • NDMA receptors in hippocampus, glutamate & GABA neurons in prefrontal cortex
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17
Q

GABAa-receptor-ionophore complex

A

-orthosteric & allosteric sites - alcohol increases GABA effects (decreases nueral activity) - so alcohol acts as a positive allosteric modulator

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18
Q

GABAb (metabotropic) receptors

A
  • in ventral tegmental area less inhibition of DA release into nacc
  • agonists decrease alcohol consumption, reinforcement, motivation & craving
  • chronic alcohol exposure leads to changes in this receptor too
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19
Q

5-HT

A

alcohol stimulates serotonin receptor

20
Q

alcohol also affects

A
  • second messengers
  • monoamine oxidase
  • glycine
  • acetylcholine
  • endogenous opiod systems
21
Q

effects on the body

A
  • dialation of blood vessles - flushing (but decrease in body temp)
  • increased urination
22
Q

effects on sleep

A
  • induces sleep but does not increase total sleep time (exception: chronic uses: increases insomnia)
  • decreases REM(1st part of sleep at low doses, whole night at higher doses, tolerance ~3 days)
  • REM rebound effects up cessation
23
Q

effects of perception

A
  • at high doses decreases absolute & difference thresholds for vision
  • decreased visual acuity
  • decrease peripheral vision
  • decreased sensitivity to smell, taste and pain
24
Q

subjective effects

A
  • biphasic effect re time and dose - but not for everyone (feeling of euphoria)
  • stimulant like effects may cause greater risk of abuse
25
Q

effects on performance

A
  • slowed reaction time
  • decreased hand-eye coordination
  • decreased speed and accuracy
  • decreased vigilance
  • decrease memory (storage and retrieval, en block blackout, grayout)
  • sensitivity of organs in the inner ear responsible for balance
26
Q

effects on behaviour

A
  • disinhibition
  • talkative, excitable, cheerful
  • sleepy, unconsious
  • nausea, vomiting
27
Q

effects on driving

A
  • impairs driving performance ~ 0.5-0.8
  • reflected in crash statistics
28
Q

conditioning

A
  • reinforcing properties of alcohol are dose dependent
  • decreased shock avoidance
  • increased response rates that have been paired with shock
  • similar effects in humans - alcohol decreases effect of aversive stimuli
29
Q

discriminative properties

A
  • easy discrimination from saline
  • generalised to barbituates
  • can be block by serotonin receptor blockers & opioid receptor blocker but not dopamine D2 blocker
30
Q

self-administration in animals

A
  • rats will drink in small doses, unless forced consumption
  • deprived of food & water/ or paired associations
  • generally, rats will self-administer sporadically, with periods of abstinence
31
Q

self-administration in humans

A
  • usually high consumption
  • depends on culture, gender, age, availability
32
Q

acute tolerance

A

occurs while still drinking - esp to the subjective feeling of intoxication

33
Q

chronic tolerance

A
  • develops v quickly within weeks for humans
  • does not develop equally for all effects
34
Q

metabolic tolerance

A

stimulation of alcohol dehydrogenase & MEOS

35
Q

conditioned tolerance

A
  • hypothermic effects
  • environmental tolerance
36
Q

early minor syndrome

A
  • can occur while still drinking but usually > 8-12 hours
  • agitation, tremors, muscles cramps, vomiting, nausea, sweating, dreams
  • usually over after 48 hours
37
Q

late major syndrome - delirium tremens

A
  • 2 days of minor symptoms follow by disorientation, confusion, hallucinations, & seizures
  • last 7-10 days
  • can cause death if not managed
38
Q

alcohol poisoning

A
  • .3-.4 = unconscious
  • .5 = death from respiratory failure <1-2 hours
39
Q

hangovers

A

esp dangerous when have epilepsy, heart disease or diabeters

40
Q

socio-cultural effects

A
  • accidents
  • relationships
  • finances
  • criminal behaviour
41
Q

effects on reproduction - acute doses

A
  • small doses we see disinhibition
  • large doses decreases sexual arousal
42
Q

effects on reproduction - chronic use

A
  • loss of interest in sex
  • impotence; shrinking testes
  • menstrual dysfunction
  • spontaneous abortion
  • fetal alcohol syndrome (cognitive impairments, poor coordination, decreased birth weight, facial characteristics, malformed organs
43
Q

effects on liver function

A
  • hepatitis
  • cirrhosis
  • decrease immune functioning
44
Q

effects on nervous system

A
  • korsakoff’s syndrome (memory loss disorder)
  • epilepsy
  • dementia
  • peripheral neuropathy (brain and spine damage, causing numbess)
45
Q

cancer

A
  • mouth, throat and liver
  • increased risk with smoking
46
Q

heart disease

A

alcoholic cardiomyopathy - cirrhosis of the heart

47
Q

pharmacotherapies

A
  • acamprosate (campral) - decrease glutamate activity
  • naltrexone - opioid receptor antagonist
  • disulfiram (antabuse) - blocks acetyldehyde dehydrogenase

PYB260 (10 decks)

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