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PYB260 > Week 1 - Introduction > Flashcards

Week 1 - Introduction Flashcards

1
Q

Psychopharmacology

A

psychology + pharmacology

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2
Q

What is psychopharmacology?

A

The discipline that studies the effects of drugs on behaviour, cognitive functioning and emotions

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3
Q

What can knowing how a drug works aid in?

A
  • prescribing the correct dosage of a medication
  • predicting side effects
  • predicting how 2 or more drugs may interact in the body
  • helping to prevent and treat overdose
  • treatment of substance use problems
  • understanding of the neural basis of normal and pathological behaviour
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4
Q

Drugs have been used as part of?

A

religious and social ceremonies

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5
Q

In 1952 what did the antipsychotic effects of chlorpromazine on schizophrenia encourage?

A
  • the development of new drugs & trials on previously abandoned drugs
  • development of the formal discipline of psychopharmacology
  • greater specificity of psychotropic drugs “a pill for every ill”
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6
Q

Chlorpromazine

A

Was the drug of choice for all mental diseases from 1952-1954.

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7
Q

Anxiolytic agents - Meprobamate

A
  • first anxiolytic
  • used clinically from 1955
  • became most popular drug to treat neuroses
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8
Q

Antidepressants & mood stabilisers

A

1957: iproniazide, widely used as an antidepressant - noted in TB patients
1957: tricyclic antidepressant was used
1959: lithium accepted as drug of choice for BPD

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9
Q

What did the development of new drugs stimulate?

A

Interest in relationships between drugs, brain chemistry & behaviour

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10
Q

Increasing technological advancement developed?

A

more specific drugs & identifying their effects on brain and nervous system

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11
Q

The Psychopharmacological Revolution

A
  • New techniques to allow researchers to look at machinery and working of the brain - MRI, CAT, PET
  • Psychotherapeutic drugs do not cure mental disorders or suppress symptoms in all individuals
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12
Q

Basic classifications of psychotropics

A
  • stimulants
  • anxiolytics
  • sedative-hypnotics
  • opiates
  • antidepressants
  • antipsychotics
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13
Q

What is a drug?

A

Any substance that alters physiology, mood, cognitions or behaviour or a nonfood, nonmechanical substance

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14
Q

psychoactive drug

A

induce psychological effects by altering normal biochemical reactions in the nervous system

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15
Q

Describing doses

A
  • Milligrams: 1/1000 of a gram
  • doses given in accordance to body weight
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16
Q

ED50

A

median effective dose; the dose effective in 50% of individuals tested

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17
Q

LD50

A

median lethal dose; the dose that will kill 50% of individuals tested

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18
Q

Therapeutic Index (TI)

A

= LD50/ED50

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19
Q

Potency

A

differences in the ED50 between drugs. The lower the ED50 the more potent the drug

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20
Q

Effectiveness

A

differences in the maximum effect that drugs will produce at any dose

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21
Q

Primary/main effect

A

intended treatment result

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22
Q

Side effect

A

unintended; may be harmful

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23
Q

Therapeutic window

A

range of blood concentrations of a medicine between dose that produces undesirable side effects (toxic level) and dose that has intended effect (therapeutic level)

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24
Q

Names of drugs

A
  • chemical name
  • generic name
  • trade name
  • street name
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25
Q

Chemical name

A

describes molecular structure of a drug in terms of chemical make-up (7-chlor-1)

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26
Q

Generic name

A

shorter, simpler name that is made up for a drug (diazepam)

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27
Q

Trade name

A

name given to a drug manufactured by a drug company. Patented by the drug company for a number of years (valium)

28
Q

Street name

A

slang names given by community, usually in relation to recreational drug use (weed, crack)

29
Q

Drug name examples

A

Class: antidepressant (SSRI)
Generic: fluoxetine, sertraline
Trade: Prozac, Zoloft

30
Q

Pharmacokinetics

A

processes involved in the movement of a drug in the body - absorption; distribution; elimination

31
Q

Enzymes

A

molecules that control a certain chemical reaction; help to break down/ metabolise drugs

32
Q

Metabolism

A

the process of restructuring (breaking down) molecules; detoxification

33
Q

Half-life

A

time taken for the body to eliminate half of a given blood level of a drug

34
Q

Drug interactions

A

the effect 2 or more drugs have on each other

35
Q

Antagonist

A

a drug that diminishes the effect of another drug

36
Q

Additive effect

A

a drug that enhances effect of another drug

37
Q

Superadditive effects/potentiation

A

a drug has a greater effect when taken with another drug than might be expected by simply combining their effect

38
Q

Oral administration

A

per oral; drugs are swallowed (typically absorbed via digestive system)

39
Q

Inhalation of gases

A

allows fast distribution of a drug through the body and to the brain

40
Q

Inhalation of smoke

A

as per gases, but in smoke particles cannot be exhaled

41
Q

Intranasal administration

A

inhalation of solids/powders

42
Q

Parenteral routes: injection (subcutaneous)

A

drug is injected just under the skin - fairly slow & even in absorption

43
Q

Parenteral routes: injection (intramuscular)

A

needle is inserted into the muscle, usually the upper arm or buttock in humans

44
Q

Parenteral routes: injection (intraperitoneal)

A

needle inserted into the peritoneal cavity (sack containing the visceral organs)

45
Q

Parenteral routes: injection (intravenous)

A

needle inserted into the vein and drug administered directly into the bloodstream

46
Q

Parenteral routes: injection (intrathecal)

A

needle inserted between the base of the skull and the first vertebra (so it reaches cerebrospinal fluid)

47
Q

Parenteral routes: injection (intracerebroventricular)

A

needle inserted into a cannula inserted into the ventricles of the brain (bypasses blood brain barrier)

48
Q

Transdermal administration

A

drugs administered through the skin (nicotine patch)

49
Q

Intrarectal administration

A

suppositories placed in the rectum & drug is absorbed into the bloodstream

50
Q

Lipid bilayer - cell membrane

A

double layer of fat molecules - for a drug to be absorbed into the body is must be capable of passing through several cell membranes (lipid soluble)

51
Q

Lipid solubility

A

drugs that are lipid soluble can pass through cell membranes easily but drugs that readily dissolve in fats tend to stay in fat and are less effective (slow release)

52
Q

Ionization/ion trapping

A

when a drug is dissolved in fluid it becomes ionized. Ions are not lipid soluble - the more ionized a drug is the slower it is to pass through the cell membrane

53
Q

Protein binding

A

some proteins are too large to pass through pores in capillaries - substances which attach themselves to these proteins may never get to site of action

54
Q

Barriers: Placental barrier

A

substances a mother takes pass through the placental barrier to the fetus (high lipid soluble drugs cross more easily)
- 75-100% of mother’s drug concentration reaches fetus <5mins

55
Q

Barriers: Blood-brain barrier

A

prevents non-lipid-soluble substances getting into brain

56
Q

Large protein molecular transporters

A
  • passive transport mechanism
  • active transport mechanism
57
Q

Passive transport mechanism

A

non-lipid-soluble substances attach themselves to carrier molecule that can pass across membranes or uses protein channel to pass through

58
Q

active transport mechanism

A

only takes place in living membranes; uses energy; actively concentrates a substance on one side of a membrane

59
Q

Factors & structures affecting excretion of a drug

A
  • drug concentration and kidney function
  • liver and enzyme function
60
Q

How does kidney function work?

A

kidneys filter unwanted substances out of the blood in the form of urine - work best with high concentrations of drug and filter at a lower rate with low concentrations in the blood

61
Q

How does liver and enzyme function work?

A

liver uses enzymes to break down toxic substances into less harmful substances - i.e. presence/availability of enzymes is important

62
Q

enzyme induction

A

levels of an enzyme can be increased by prior exposure to a drug that uses that enzyme

63
Q

enzyme depression

A

metabolism is depressed when 2 drugs that use the same enzyme are taken at the same time, or one blocks enzyme activity of other

64
Q

enzymes and age

A

enzymes are not fully functional at birth; liver function is less efficient in the elderly

65
Q

enzymes and species

A

levels of enzymes differ in different species

66
Q

First-pass metabolism

A

any drug absorbed from the digestive system passes through the liver and undergoes some degree of metabolism before going to the heart - route of administration affects metabolism

67
Q

More factors affecting metabolism

A
  • mode of administration produces different time courses
  • the effects of a drug change over time
  • absorption and excretion functions work together to give the resultant effect over time

PYB260 (10 decks)

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