Week 10 Flashcards
what is the difference between health screening of a migrant and a refugee?
Migrant:
- screened prior to departure
- restrictions could be applied (vaccinations)
- conditions might be needed to be treated before departure
Refugee:
- Limited measures due to nature
- Screened upon arrival
WHere are the largest source of refugees from (in aust)?
Afghanistan and palestine
- highly traumatised
- long history of struggles
- victims of torture
why are female refugees a vulnrable group?
- often victims of rape and sexual torture
- STDs due to unprotected sex
- limited access to contraceptives
- limited access to safe prenatal care
-> complications with pregnancy and delivery
what is the health care impact of communication barriers with migrant populations
- health outcome might be severely compromised
- healthcare system was burdened with extra cost
- > unnecessary re-visit
- > usage of diagnostic testing
- > hospital admission
what does communication with non english speaking backgrounds NESB rely on?
- family and friends
- Bi-lingual healthcare providers
- interpreter
What methods are available to help with communication issues with NESB populations in ambulance?
- utilise family member
- google translate
- phone interpreting service
what are some issues that may impact on treatment with multicultural communities?
- multicultural medicine beliefs (spirituality etc)
- gender roles
- cultural norms
what are some of the major diseases and disorder for immigrants?
- Tuberculosis
- Hepatitis B
- Hepatitis C
- HIV
- Anaemia
- Female genital mutilation
what is the most common cause of death in HIV populatipons?
Tuberculosis.
One of the top 10 causes of death worldwide
What culture accounts for over half of the new tuberculosis cases?
SE asia and western pacific
What age group accounts for moth death os tuberculosis?
young adults
What is latent Tuberculosis?
- Dormant form
- migrqnt might eneter country undetected
- about 1/3 of world has latent TB
how is TB spread?
aerosolised respiratory droplets
- highly contagious
what are the S&S of TB?
- cough (sputum and blood at times)
- Chest pains
- Weakness
- Weight loss
- Fever
- Night sweat
How do you diagnose TB
- inspect sputum uder microscope
- detect DNA of mycobacterium tuberculosis
How do you treat TB
standard 6 month course of antimicrobial drugs
what are intestinal parasites?
affects poorest and most deprived communities
- one of the most common infections worldwide
- Infections can be asymptomatic
- > Greater number of worms > greater severity
how to intestinal parasites affect health?
negatively affects nutritional status
-> causes GI bleed, loss of appetite, diarrhoea, reducing absorption
Complications that require surgical intervention
-> intestinal obstruction, rectal prolapse
What region has high prevalence of hep B?
Western pacific and African regions
What are the causes of the prevalence of hep B in migrant communities?
- Lack of vaccination
- Unsafe medical procedures
- Exposures during traditional practice
what are the clinical manifestations of Hep B?
- asymptomatic infection
- acute hepatitis
- Life threatening liver failure
what is the impact of age of hep B manifestations?
Young less like to have acute hepatitis and more likely to develop chronic
What are the sypmtoms of acute hepatitis?
Fever Jaundice Dark urine Fatigue Abdo pain Mailaise + Anorexia Fulminant Hep B
what are common medications for Hep B
Lamivudine
Adefovir
Entecavir
Telbivudine
Inhibits viral replication
WHat are the symptoms of hep C?
Same as Hep B
Fever Jaundice Dark urine Fatigue Abdo pain Mailaise + Anorexia Fulminant Hep B
how is HIV transmitted?
- blood
- breast milk
- semen
- vaginal secretion
what are risk factors of HIV?
- unprotected sex
- having other stds
- sharing needles
- unsafe injections
- needle stick injuries
how is HIV treated?
not cured but suppresses viral replications
what are the different types of female genital mutilation?
type 1 - excision of all or part of clitoris
Type 2 - excision of the prepuce and clitoris and labia
Type 3 - excision of part or all of external genitalia and stitching or narrowing of vaginal opening
Type 4 - piercing, cutting, cauterisation of clitoris and surrounding tissue
what are long term complications of FGM?
- Recurrent UTIs
- Generalised tenderness
- Cysts
- Neuroma
- Keloid scarring
- Vaginal stenosis
- Fear, anxiety, depression
what are long term complications of FGM with obstetrics?
- difficult to obtain clean urine
- > assess infection, pre-eclampisa etc
- inability to assess gestational age by cervical length
- difficult to do pelvic exam
what are causes for obesity in migrant pops?
- being fat is a sign of prosperity
- sign of being health
- child has to always finish plate
- being fat means someone takes care of you
what are factors affected gynocological care in migrant pops?
- seek intervention only when symptomcatic
- cultural practice
- seen as bad karma
- financial burden
- delay in treatment
how mnay people suffer from anaemia?
over half of womena dn children from developing countries and
25% of men
what is malaria?
parasitic infection affecting tropical regions
how is malaria and aneamia connected?
RBC disorder protects against malaria, thus ianaemia in tropical populations due to evolution
What is the implicatiosn to mental health in migrant populations?
higher prevalence of
- ptsd
- anxiety
- depression
- somatisation
What are mental health risk factors for migrant pops
- Violence (exposure to political, sexual violence etc)
- Loss and separation
- Socio-economic factors
- Integration, acculturation and adjustment
