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PAR3032 - Special Populations > Week 10 > Flashcards

Week 10 Flashcards

1
Q

what is the difference between health screening of a migrant and a refugee?

A

Migrant:

  • screened prior to departure
  • restrictions could be applied (vaccinations)
  • conditions might be needed to be treated before departure

Refugee:

  • Limited measures due to nature
  • Screened upon arrival
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2
Q

WHere are the largest source of refugees from (in aust)?

A

Afghanistan and palestine

  • highly traumatised
  • long history of struggles
  • victims of torture
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3
Q

why are female refugees a vulnrable group?

A
  • often victims of rape and sexual torture
  • STDs due to unprotected sex
  • limited access to contraceptives
  • limited access to safe prenatal care

-> complications with pregnancy and delivery

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4
Q

what is the health care impact of communication barriers with migrant populations

A
  • health outcome might be severely compromised
  • healthcare system was burdened with extra cost
  • > unnecessary re-visit
  • > usage of diagnostic testing
  • > hospital admission
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5
Q

what does communication with non english speaking backgrounds NESB rely on?

A
  1. family and friends
  2. Bi-lingual healthcare providers
  3. interpreter
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6
Q

What methods are available to help with communication issues with NESB populations in ambulance?

A
  1. utilise family member
  2. google translate
  3. phone interpreting service
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7
Q

what are some issues that may impact on treatment with multicultural communities?

A
  • multicultural medicine beliefs (spirituality etc)
  • gender roles
  • cultural norms
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8
Q

what are some of the major diseases and disorder for immigrants?

A
  • Tuberculosis
  • Hepatitis B
  • Hepatitis C
  • HIV
  • Anaemia
  • Female genital mutilation
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9
Q

what is the most common cause of death in HIV populatipons?

A

Tuberculosis.

One of the top 10 causes of death worldwide

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10
Q

What culture accounts for over half of the new tuberculosis cases?

A

SE asia and western pacific

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11
Q

What age group accounts for moth death os tuberculosis?

A

young adults

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12
Q

What is latent Tuberculosis?

A
  • Dormant form
  • migrqnt might eneter country undetected
  • about 1/3 of world has latent TB
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13
Q

how is TB spread?

A

aerosolised respiratory droplets

  • highly contagious
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14
Q

what are the S&S of TB?

A
  • cough (sputum and blood at times)
  • Chest pains
  • Weakness
  • Weight loss
  • Fever
  • Night sweat
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15
Q

How do you diagnose TB

A
  • inspect sputum uder microscope

- detect DNA of mycobacterium tuberculosis

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16
Q

How do you treat TB

A

standard 6 month course of antimicrobial drugs

17
Q

what are intestinal parasites?

A

affects poorest and most deprived communities

  • one of the most common infections worldwide
  • Infections can be asymptomatic
  • > Greater number of worms > greater severity
18
Q

how to intestinal parasites affect health?

A

negatively affects nutritional status
-> causes GI bleed, loss of appetite, diarrhoea, reducing absorption

Complications that require surgical intervention
-> intestinal obstruction, rectal prolapse

19
Q

What region has high prevalence of hep B?

A

Western pacific and African regions

20
Q

What are the causes of the prevalence of hep B in migrant communities?

A
  • Lack of vaccination
  • Unsafe medical procedures
  • Exposures during traditional practice
21
Q

what are the clinical manifestations of Hep B?

A
  • asymptomatic infection
  • acute hepatitis
  • Life threatening liver failure
22
Q

what is the impact of age of hep B manifestations?

A

Young less like to have acute hepatitis and more likely to develop chronic

23
Q

What are the sypmtoms of acute hepatitis?

A 
Fever
Jaundice
Dark urine
Fatigue
Abdo pain
Mailaise + Anorexia
Fulminant Hep B
24
Q

what are common medications for Hep B

A

Lamivudine
Adefovir
Entecavir
Telbivudine

Inhibits viral replication

25
Q

WHat are the symptoms of hep C?

A

Same as Hep B

Fever
Jaundice
Dark urine
Fatigue
Abdo pain
Mailaise + Anorexia
Fulminant Hep B
26
Q

how is HIV transmitted?

A
  • blood
  • breast milk
  • semen
  • vaginal secretion
27
Q

what are risk factors of HIV?

A
  • unprotected sex
  • having other stds
  • sharing needles
  • unsafe injections
  • needle stick injuries
28
Q

how is HIV treated?

A

not cured but suppresses viral replications

29
Q

what are the different types of female genital mutilation?

A

type 1 - excision of all or part of clitoris

Type 2 - excision of the prepuce and clitoris and labia

Type 3 - excision of part or all of external genitalia and stitching or narrowing of vaginal opening

Type 4 - piercing, cutting, cauterisation of clitoris and surrounding tissue

30
Q

what are long term complications of FGM?

A
  • Recurrent UTIs
  • Generalised tenderness
  • Cysts
  • Neuroma
  • Keloid scarring
  • Vaginal stenosis
  • Fear, anxiety, depression
31
Q

what are long term complications of FGM with obstetrics?

A
  • difficult to obtain clean urine
  • > assess infection, pre-eclampisa etc
  • inability to assess gestational age by cervical length
  • difficult to do pelvic exam
32
Q

what are causes for obesity in migrant pops?

A
  • being fat is a sign of prosperity
  • sign of being health
  • child has to always finish plate
  • being fat means someone takes care of you
33
Q

what are factors affected gynocological care in migrant pops?

A
  • seek intervention only when symptomcatic
  • cultural practice
  • seen as bad karma
  • financial burden
  • delay in treatment
34
Q

how mnay people suffer from anaemia?

A

over half of womena dn children from developing countries and

25% of men

35
Q

what is malaria?

A

parasitic infection affecting tropical regions

36
Q

how is malaria and aneamia connected?

A

RBC disorder protects against malaria, thus ianaemia in tropical populations due to evolution

37
Q

What is the implicatiosn to mental health in migrant populations?

A

higher prevalence of

  • ptsd
  • anxiety
  • depression
  • somatisation
38
Q

What are mental health risk factors for migrant pops

A
  • Violence (exposure to political, sexual violence etc)
  • Loss and separation
  • Socio-economic factors
  • Integration, acculturation and adjustment

PAR3032 - Special Populations (13 decks)

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