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Human Physiology and exercise > Week 10 - > Flashcards

Week 10 - Flashcards

1
Q

Daltons law

A

The pressure of gas mixture is equal to the sum of the pressures of the individual gases

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2
Q

How to work out partial pressure of atmospheric gases

A

Atmospheric pressure x composition of air in atmosphere

Sum of these values would equal the atmospheric pressure

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3
Q

What is different about the partial pressure of gases in the respiratory system?

A

You have to take water vapour into account
Air in the lungs is fully saturates with water vapour. It is 46mmHg at 37 degrees

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4
Q

If the total pressure is 760mmHg, water vapour is 46mmHg and the presence of nitrogen is 78.1%, oxygen is 20.9% and co2 is 0.033%, work out the partial pressure for each compartment

A

N2: (760 - 46) x 78.1% = 558mmHg
O2: (760 - 46) x 20.9% = 149 mmHg
co2: (760 - 46) x 0.033% = 0.24 mmHg

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5
Q

Ficks law of diffusion

A

Rate of diffusion is proportional to the Area/thickness x (P1 x P2) x D

Area is usually very large and thickness is small
D = a constant

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6
Q

Gas molecules move between air and liquid in order to achieve equilibrium of partial pressures. Movements of molecules depend on:

A

Temperature
Pressure difference
Solubility

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7
Q

At equilibrium, what happens to the pressure and concentration of oxygen and carbon dioxide

A

At equilibrium, po2 in air and water is equal. However, low o2 solubility means that concentrations are not equal

Co2 is more soluble, so the conc of co2 would be greater in o2 in solution

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8
Q

What affects the rate of diffusion

A

Impairment of diffusion due to blood/gas barrier thickening or lower partial pressure of inspired oxygen (altitude, disease) can affect arterial content of oxygen and limit functional capacity

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9
Q

Emphysema

A

Destroys structure of alveolar sacs
Causes limited surface area and poor elastic recoil

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10
Q

Fibrotic lung disease

A

Causes stiff lungs and hard to inflate

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11
Q

Pulmonary oedema

A

Causes by pressure changes in capillaries

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12
Q

Asthma

A

Poor ventilation of alveoli due to constricton of airways

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13
Q

Calculating metabolic rate requires knowledge of

A

how much oxygen the body consumes and how much carbon dioxide it produces at any given time

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14
Q

The ability to measure oxygen consumption and carbon dioxide production requires the knowledge of

A

the inspired and expired volumes of these gase

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15
Q

How to work out oxygen consumption

A

volume of inspired o2 - volume of expired o2

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16
Q

How to work out the volume of inspired/expired o2

A

volume of inspired/expired air x percentage of inspired/expired o2

17
Q

How to work out carbon dioxide production

A

Expired co2 - inspired co2(usually very small as there is little co2 in atmosphere) = co2 production

18
Q

How to work out volume of expired/inspired co2

A

volume of expired/inspired air x percentage of expired/inspired co2

19
Q

What does the law of mass action state

A

When a reaction is at equilibrium, the ratio of the substrates and products will remain constant

20
Q

Hb + o2 –> Hbo2 (formation of oxyhaemoglobin)
What happens if you add more oxygen

A

Reaction shifts to the right
More oxyhaemoglobin forms

21
Q

What is haemoglobin

A

It is an oxygen binding protein contained within the red blood cells
Each molecule contains 4 globins and 4 haem groups. In the centre of each haem group is a ferrous atom (fe2+) that binds oxygen

22
Q

How is o2 transported from the lungs

A

O2 arrives at the alveoli and diffuses down the partial pressure gradient into the plasma
Greater o2 content in plasma promotes greater diffusion of in rbc, which combines with haemoglobin to produce oxyhaemoglobin.
Hbo2 transported to cells, oxyhaemoglobin dissociates into Hb and O2. O2 is then dissolved in plasma, meaning it can be used in cellular respiration.

23
Q

Anaemia

A

A condition where you lack enough healthy red blood cells to carry adequate oxygen to your body’s tissues
There are less binding sites for oxygen to bind to haemoglobin

24
Q

How much oxygen gives 50% saturation of haemoglobin

A

28 mmHg

25
Q

When the oxyhaemoglobin dissociation curve shifts to the left, what happens

A

Increased affinity for oxygen
Haemoglobin more readily accepts oxygen

26
Q

What is the bohr shift

A

Curve shifts to the right
Haemoglobin has decreased affinity for oxygen

27
Q

What causes a rightward shift of the oxyhaemoglobin curve

A

Increased acidity (decreased pH)
Increased blood co2
Increased DPG
Increased temperature

28
Q

______ of all co2 is carried in the form of bicarbonate ions (hco3-)

A

70%

29
Q

Formation of hco3 - equation

A

co2 + h2o –> h2co3 –> H+ + hco3-

30
Q

_____ of all co2 that is carried binds to haemoglobin

A

23%

31
Q

Formation of carbaminohaemoglobin equation

A

Hb + co2 –> Hbco2

32
Q

What else does haemoglobin do?

A

They bind the hydrogen ions that are released from the reaction of co2 and h20 to form hco3-

33
Q

What part of the respiratory group is associated with inspiration

A

The dorsal respiratory group

33
Q

What part of the respiratory group is associated with inspiration

A

The dorsal respiratory group

34
Q

Breathing can be altered voluntarily

A

Hyperventilation
Breath holding
Speaking, swallowing

35
Q

Stretch receptors and the hering breuer reflex

A

Stretch receptors are activated when tidal volume approaches the physical limitations of the lung tissue for expansion.
This mechanism, called the hering breur reflex, protects the lungs from over inflating

36
Q

What do peripheral chemoreceptors do

Where are they located

A

They detect changes in arterial blood oxygen

Located in the carotid and aortic bodies

37
Q

What do central chemoreceptors do

A

They detect changes in carbon dioxide through changes in concentration of Hydrogen ions and changes in the pH of the cerebrospinal fluid

38
Q

What stimulates peripheral chemoreceptors

A

The partial pressure of oxygen not the content of oxygen

Human Physiology and exercise (12 decks)

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