Week 10 + 11 Flashcards
1
Q
Many infectious diseases of animals are ___________ and can transmit to humans
A
- zoonotic
2
Q
Biosecurity on a farm comprises of:
A
- external biosecurity: measures taken to prevent an infectious disease rom entering or leaving the farm
- internal biosecurity: measures taken to combat spread of an infectious disease within a farm
3
Q
What are principles of the biosecurity measure purchase policy?
A
- closed herd system: avoid buying outside animals
- reduce number of new animal bought in
- limit sources of new animals
- know vaccination/health status of new animals and herd of origin
- source farms should have high sanitary status
- quarantine new animals
- quarantine long enough, dependent on incubation period of diseases
- use quarantine period to test animals for possible diseases
- vaccinate
4
Q
The _______ is the time elapsed between infection and first apparent clinical symptoms
A
- incubation period
5
Q
What are the principles of the biosecurity measure of the dirty and clean road?
A
6
Q
What are the principles of biosecurity measure of vehicles entering and leaving the farm?
A
- clean and disinfect vehicles when used for livestock transportation between farms
- maintain a log of all farm traffic
7
Q
What are principles of biosecurity measures of people (visitors and workers)?
A
- keep visitors to minimum
- current health log/history of all people
- log book of human traffic
- educate on farm protection methods, train workers
- discourage visitors entering housing/feeding areas and touching animals
- supply clean boots and coveralls
- provide a disinfecting foot bath
- insist on hand washing
- insist on gloves
- establish a working line: increasing age groups, sickest animals last
- use a hygiene lock/dressing room when entering/leaving farm
8
Q
What are principles of biosecurity measures of fodder and water?
A
- avoid feeding animal byproduct/waste (ex: swill-feeding cause swine fever)
- purchase from quality assurance and monitored suppliers
- protect feed from contamination, use proper storage
- build storage facilities where animals do not cross feeding alleys
- protect feed from manure contamination
- monitor water quality and clean delivery systems
9
Q
What are principles of biosecurity measures of equipment?
A
- do not share equipment between farms
- avoid using manure handling equipment for handling feed
- avoid contamination with color coordination by use a location
- clean and sanitize equipment used on dead animals
- wash farm clothing/boots with detergents and bleach/washing soda
10
Q
What are principles of biosecurity measures of housing and management?
A
- minimize contact between young and older animals or consecutive production batches
- maintain optimal stocking density (high stocking entity facilitates disease spread)
- adopt all-in and all-out housing system
11
Q
What is the all-in and all-out housing system?
A
12
Q
What are principles of biosecurity measures of vermin and bird control?
A
- prevent contact with free roaming animals
- minimize bird contact
- maintain a rodent and insect control program
- secure all feed storage areas and clean up spilled feed
- pasture management for microbes and parasitic diseases
13
Q
What are principles of biosecurity measures of monitoring animal health?
A
- individual identification
- health records
- review and update vaccination/treatment protocols 2x a year
- monitor and inspect animals for signs of illness daily
- quarantine sick animals
- treat sickanmals
- euthanize animals that will not recover
- perform necropsy and send samples for testing
- initiate control measures for disease
- disinfect sick pens
14
Q
What are principles of biosecurity measures of disposal of cadavers?
A
- remove cadaver as soon as possible
- store in well insulated place
- use a cooled cadaver storage room
- dispose of animal within 48 hours
- dispose all contaminated bedding, milk, manure, feed
- disinfect cadaver room
15
Q
What are common methods of carcass disposal?
A
- burying
- composting
- incinerating
16
Q
What are features of the disposal method of burying?
A
17
Q
What are features of the disposal method of composting?
A
18
Q
What are the different biosecurity measures taken in animal farms?
A
- purchasing policy
- principle of dirty and clean road
- vehicles entering and leaving farm
- people
- fodder and water
- equipment
- housing and management
- monitoring animal health
- disposal of carcass
19
Q
What are general considerations of prevention and disease control in pets?
A
- avoid overcrowding
- maintain temp/humidity/ventilation
- separate enclosures
- isolation/quarantine wards
- disinfection/sanitation and pest control
- reduction of stress
- ectoderm- and endo- parasite control
- good nutrition
- vaccination
- enrichment
- routine health monitoring/record keeping
20
Q
What is decontamination? What are 3 different forms?
A
- process that renders a device, instrument, or surface safe to handle
- can range from sterilization to simple cleaning with soap
- sterilization, disinfection, antisepsis
21
Q
What is sterilization?
A
- process that destroys or eliminates all forms of microbial life/pathogens, including highly resistant ones, including spores
-all or nothing process
22
Q
What is disinfection?
A
- process that eliminates many or all pathogenic microorganisms, except for spores, on inanimate objects
23
Q
What is antisepsis?
A
- application of liquid antimicrobial chemical to skin or living tissue to inhibit or destroy microorganisms
24
Q
What are some sterilization methods?
A
25
What are features of veterinary standard precautions of hand hygiene?
- most important way to prevent infection spread
- gloves are not a substitute
- hand should be washed before and after:
- each patient
- after contamination likely activities
- before eating, drinking
- after leaving clinical areas
- after removing gloves
- soap:
- bars not acceptable
- liquid or foam soap with antibacterial activity
- skin disinfectants
26
What are examples of veterinary standard precautions?
- hand hygiene
- ppe
- prevention of bites or other injury
- sharps safety
- extreme care during procedures involving surgery, obstetrics, and diagnostic specimen handling
- proper decontamination and disposal waste
- vaccination of vets
27
What is the chain of infection?
28
What are the goals of immunization?
- protect susceptible individuals from infection or disease
- prevent transmission of infectious agents by creating an immune population
29
What are the 4 “w”s of immunization?
- where? primarily populations in endemic areas
- when? either right before the “season” or when outbreak of a nonendemic disease occurs
- who? population at risk
- why? loss caused by the disease must be greater than cost of immunization
30
What are features oaf a good vaccine?
-safe
- effective against different strains
- few side effects
- long lasting, appropriate protection
- low cost
- stable
- easy to administer
- cheap
- benefits outweigh risk
31
What is herd immunity?
- when vaccination of a significant portion of a population provides a measure of protection for the small number of individuals without immunity
32
Who are the surveillance networks for disease control programs?
- world animal health information database (WAHID)
- world organization for animal health (OIE)
33
What kind of labs should be supporting a disease control program?
34
What are the zones/areas used in emergency preparedness and contingency planning for foreign animal disease?
35
What are the definitions of the different zones?
- infected zone (IZ): zone that immediately surrounds an infected premise
- buffer zone (BZ): zone that immedietly surrounds an infected zone
- control area (CA): consists of an infected zone and buffer zone
- surveillance zone (SZ): zone outside and along the border of a control area
- free area (FA): area to include in any control area
- vaccination zone (VZ): emergency vaccination zone classified as either a containment vaccination zone (inside CA) or a protection vaccination zone (outside CA)
36
What is the one health triad?
37
What is GLEWS?
-global early warning system for major animal diseases including zoonoses
- collaboration between FAO, OIE, WHO
38
What are objectives of control of infectious disease in wildlife?
- primarily to protect human health against zoonoses in wildlife
- prevent diseases from being transmitted
- protect wildlife from certain destructive diseases
39
What are methods of disease control in wildlife?
- prevent transmission to livestock
- separate from wildlife
- vector control
- vaccination of livestock
- surveillance and risk assessment
- antemortem diagnostic tests
- necropsy
- wildlife population control
- disease control in wildlife
- burning and burying of carcass
- disinfection of watering holes
- remote vaccination via darts, bio-bullets, bait
- ex: bait vaccine for rabies in foxes
40
Define antibiotic
41
Define antimicrobial
42
What is the difference between therapeutic and non-therapeutic antimicrobial use?
- therapeutic use: to treat, control, and prevent spread of illness
- non-therapeutic use: to balance good/bad bacteria for improved nutrition/growth
43
What is treatment?
- therapeutic use of antimicrobial
- treatment of diseased animals only with aim to sure infection
44
What is prophylactic use?
- prevention
- therapeutic use of antimicrobial
- treatment of healthy herds with aim o prevent infection
45
What is metaphylactic use?
- control
- therapeutic use of antimicrobial
- treatment of diseased hers with the aim to cure infection in some individuals and prevent infection in others
46
What are features of growth promotion?
- treatment of healthy animals with low (sub-therapeutic) concentrations in feed with the aim to improve growth rate, efficiency of food utilization and improve reproduction
- banned in EU, not completely by the FDA yet
47
What are different ways to classify antimicrobials?
- chemical structure
- origin
- spectrum
- mode of action
- anti-microbial effect
48
What are some features of chemical structures classification?
49
What are some features of origin classification?
- natural: produced by fungi and bacteria “true antibiotics”
- semi-synthetic: chemically altered natural components
- synthetic: chemically designed y humans
50
What are features of spectrum classification?
- board spectrum: antimicrobials effective against both gram + and gram - microorganisms
- ex: tetracycline, chloramphenicol, 3rd gen fluoroquinoline, cephalosporin
- narrow spectrum: antimicrobials with limited activity against a particular species
- ex:penicillin, polymyxin
51
What are features of mode of action classification?
- cell wall synthesis inhibitors
- promote autolysin activity > cell lysis
- inhibit peptidoglycan synthesis by binding to penicillin-binding proteins that are involvedin synthesis
- protein synthesis inhibitors
- inhibit 50s or 30s of ribosomal chromosome
52
What are features of antimicrobial effect classification?
- bactericidal drugs: kill microorganisms and reduce total number of viable bacteria
- bacteriostatic drugs: inhibit growth and multiplication of bacteria,allowing host immune system to complete elimination
- drugs can be either depending on:
- drug concentration
- presence of other drugs
- bacterial species
53
What are antiviral drugs?
- interfere with ability of virus to
- infiltrate target cell
- target different stages of replication and synthesis of components
- immune system stimulation: - interferons, class of proteins that has antiviral effects an modulates functions of the immune system
- synthesize antibodies or administration of natural ant-serum
54
What are antihelminthics?
-“anti worm”
- vermicide: anthelminthics that kill infesting helminths
- vermifuge: anthelminthics that expel infesting helminths
- ideally:
- orally effective
- single dose
- cheap
- wide safety margin
- no/low tissue residue
55
What are differences between single or combination drug therapy?
56
What is antimicrobial selection?
- property of bacteria
57
What is the difference between co-resistance and cross-resistance?
- co-resistance: the co-existence of multiple genes or mutations encoding resistance to different drug within the same strain or genetic element
- cross-resistance: resistive against one compound gives automatically resistance against another compound
- mainly within the same chemical group
- ex: macrolides, phenicols, lincomycins
58
What is co-selection?
- selection of multiple resistance genes when one gene is selected
59
What are hotspots for microbial selection?
- antibiotic pollution is generally couples with contamination by heavy metals and other chemicals which promotes development of resistance mechanisms
- ARGs + HMRGs located on the same genetic element are released in human affected areas and maintained in HM polluted waters
60
What are 3 kinds of antimicrobial resistance faced by vets?
61
Define AMR
- antimicrobial resistance
- microbiological definition:
- the property of bacterial strains to survive at higher antibiotic concentrations compared to the wild type population
- the ability of microbes to grow in the presence of a drug that would normally kill or limit growth
- clinical definition:
- bacterial ability to survive antimicrobial therapy and cause therapeutic failure
62
Why is AMR a societal problem?
- antimicrobial resistance: ie. drugs don’t work
- consequences on animal and pubic health:
- increased patient mortality and morbidity
- risk of zoonotic transmission
- economic consequences:
- more visit, tests, therapies
- prolonged hospitalization
- reduced weight gain
- loss of customers/reputation
- cross for decontamination
- costs for surveillance & intervention
63
What does AMR mean to one health?
64
What is the link between antibiotic use and antibiotic resistance
65
What are methods of anticrobial resistance strategies?
- stop the antibiotic from reaching its target at a high enough concentration
- modify or bypass the target that the antibiotic inhibits
66
What are methods to stop the antibiotic from reaching the target?
- efflux pumps
- destroy permeability of the membrane that surrounds the bacterial cell
- destroy the antibiotic: production of bacterial enzymes (ex: B-lactamase)
- modify the antibiotic by adding different chemical groups to antibiotics
67
What are methods to modify/bypass the target that he antibiotic inhibits?
- camouflage the target (ex: metabolic changes)
- express alternative proteins
- reprogram target: some bacteria can produce a different variant of a structure it needs
- ex: vancomycin-resistant bacteria make a different cell wall compared to susceptible bacteria
68
What is intrinsic vs acquired resistance?
- intrinsic resistance:
- naturally acquired trait (encoded on genome)
- species or genus specific
- acquired resistance:
- by mutation in the existing dna of the organisms
- by acquisition of new dna via transformation, transduction, or conjugation
69
What is antibiotic selection?
- antimicrobials kill bacteria with no resistance, increasing the percentage of resistant bacteria in the population
70
What are features of methicillin resistant Staphylococcus aureus, MRSA?
- G+ skin commensalism of many animals and humans
- acquired resistance gene (mcAA) encoding for new penicillin-binding proteins (PBP2A) with low affinity to most B-lactams (penicillins and cephalosporins)
- major role in nosocomial infections
- community-acquired MRSA
- hospital acquired MRSA
- livestock acquired MRSA
71
What are features of methicillin resistant Staphylococcus pseudintermedius, MRSP?
- G+ skin commensalism of dogs
- acquired resistance gene (mecA)
- ~ 70% of cases are skin and wound postsurgical infections acquired in the clinic
- some MRSP strains are multi-drug resistant bacteria. (MDR) and may be resistant to al antibiotics licensed for veterinary use
72
What are features of spectrum beta lactamase producing enterobacteriaceae, ESB?
- G- bacteria producing an enzyme that can hydrolyze/inactivate most B-lactams, except carbapenems
- risk of food borne transmission is higher for ESBL-producing Escherichia coli
- gut commensal
- may transfer from animals to humans via meat consumption
- upon ingestion, may colonize the gut and transfer ESBL-encoding plasmids to resident E.coli
73
What are important questions to ask for implementing rational antimicrobial use?
74
What are features of reduction of overall antimicrobial consumption?
- disease prevention: hygiene,management, etc.
- avoid unnecessary, routine prophylaxis
- avoid unnecessary therapy
- viral infections
- self-limiting infections
- disease conditions which require solely topical products
75
What are features of proving use of diagnostic testing?
- maximizeuse of cytology to guide choice for relevant disease conditions
- increase use of cultures and susceptibility testing
- use good diagnostic laboratory
76
What are features of prudent use of the 2nd line CIA?
- minimize empiric use of CIAs,especially broad spectrum which select for MDR bacteria and should be used as last resort
- ex: 3rd and 4th gen cephalosporins, macrolides, fluoroquinolones
77
What are features of optimal dosage regimes?
- shoot high: highest possible dose
- shoot regular: administer at regular intervals
- shoot fast: treat the earliest and for shortest time possible
78
What are criteria for empiric therapy?
- use of first choice drugs are defined by national or international specific guidelines
- hold disease-specific antibiotic formularies indicating first choice drugs for each disease condition
- national guidelines are better
79
What are measures for prevention and control of AMR?
