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RUSVM Principles Of Infectious Diseases > Week 10 + 11 > Flashcards

Week 10 + 11 Flashcards

1
Q

Many infectious diseases of animals are ___________ and can transmit to humans

A
  • zoonotic
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2
Q

Biosecurity on a farm comprises of:

A
  • external biosecurity: measures taken to prevent an infectious disease rom entering or leaving the farm
  • internal biosecurity: measures taken to combat spread of an infectious disease within a farm
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3
Q

What are principles of the biosecurity measure purchase policy?

A
  • closed herd system: avoid buying outside animals
  • reduce number of new animal bought in
  • limit sources of new animals
  • know vaccination/health status of new animals and herd of origin
  • source farms should have high sanitary status
  • quarantine new animals
  • quarantine long enough, dependent on incubation period of diseases
  • use quarantine period to test animals for possible diseases
  • vaccinate
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4
Q

The _______ is the time elapsed between infection and first apparent clinical symptoms

A
  • incubation period
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5
Q

What are the principles of the biosecurity measure of the dirty and clean road?

A
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6
Q

What are the principles of biosecurity measure of vehicles entering and leaving the farm?

A
  • clean and disinfect vehicles when used for livestock transportation between farms
  • maintain a log of all farm traffic
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7
Q

What are principles of biosecurity measures of people (visitors and workers)?

A
  • keep visitors to minimum
  • current health log/history of all people
  • log book of human traffic
  • educate on farm protection methods, train workers
  • discourage visitors entering housing/feeding areas and touching animals
  • supply clean boots and coveralls
  • provide a disinfecting foot bath
  • insist on hand washing
  • insist on gloves
  • establish a working line: increasing age groups, sickest animals last
  • use a hygiene lock/dressing room when entering/leaving farm
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8
Q

What are principles of biosecurity measures of fodder and water?

A
  • avoid feeding animal byproduct/waste (ex: swill-feeding cause swine fever)
  • purchase from quality assurance and monitored suppliers
  • protect feed from contamination, use proper storage
  • build storage facilities where animals do not cross feeding alleys
  • protect feed from manure contamination
  • monitor water quality and clean delivery systems
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9
Q

What are principles of biosecurity measures of equipment?

A
  • do not share equipment between farms
  • avoid using manure handling equipment for handling feed
  • avoid contamination with color coordination by use a location
  • clean and sanitize equipment used on dead animals
  • wash farm clothing/boots with detergents and bleach/washing soda
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10
Q

What are principles of biosecurity measures of housing and management?

A
  • minimize contact between young and older animals or consecutive production batches
  • maintain optimal stocking density (high stocking entity facilitates disease spread)
  • adopt all-in and all-out housing system
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11
Q

What is the all-in and all-out housing system?

A
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12
Q

What are principles of biosecurity measures of vermin and bird control?

A
  • prevent contact with free roaming animals
  • minimize bird contact
  • maintain a rodent and insect control program
  • secure all feed storage areas and clean up spilled feed
  • pasture management for microbes and parasitic diseases
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13
Q

What are principles of biosecurity measures of monitoring animal health?

A
  • individual identification
  • health records
  • review and update vaccination/treatment protocols 2x a year
  • monitor and inspect animals for signs of illness daily
  • quarantine sick animals
  • treat sickanmals
  • euthanize animals that will not recover
  • perform necropsy and send samples for testing
  • initiate control measures for disease
  • disinfect sick pens
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14
Q

What are principles of biosecurity measures of disposal of cadavers?

A
  • remove cadaver as soon as possible
  • store in well insulated place
  • use a cooled cadaver storage room
  • dispose of animal within 48 hours
  • dispose all contaminated bedding, milk, manure, feed
  • disinfect cadaver room
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15
Q

What are common methods of carcass disposal?

A
  • burying
  • composting
  • incinerating
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16
Q

What are features of the disposal method of burying?

A
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17
Q

What are features of the disposal method of composting?

A
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18
Q

What are the different biosecurity measures taken in animal farms?

A
  • purchasing policy
  • principle of dirty and clean road
  • vehicles entering and leaving farm
  • people
  • fodder and water
  • equipment
  • housing and management
  • monitoring animal health
  • disposal of carcass
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19
Q

What are general considerations of prevention and disease control in pets?

A
  • avoid overcrowding
  • maintain temp/humidity/ventilation
  • separate enclosures
  • isolation/quarantine wards
  • disinfection/sanitation and pest control
  • reduction of stress
  • ectoderm- and endo- parasite control
  • good nutrition
  • vaccination
  • enrichment
  • routine health monitoring/record keeping
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20
Q

What is decontamination? What are 3 different forms?

A
  • process that renders a device, instrument, or surface safe to handle
    • can range from sterilization to simple cleaning with soap
  • sterilization, disinfection, antisepsis
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21
Q

What is sterilization?

A
  • process that destroys or eliminates all forms of microbial life/pathogens, including highly resistant ones, including spores
    -all or nothing process
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22
Q

What is disinfection?

A
  • process that eliminates many or all pathogenic microorganisms, except for spores, on inanimate objects
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23
Q

What is antisepsis?

A
  • application of liquid antimicrobial chemical to skin or living tissue to inhibit or destroy microorganisms
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24
Q

What are some sterilization methods?

A
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25
Q

What are features of veterinary standard precautions of hand hygiene?

A
  • most important way to prevent infection spread
  • gloves are not a substitute
  • hand should be washed before and after:
    • each patient
    • after contamination likely activities
    • before eating, drinking
    • after leaving clinical areas
    • after removing gloves
  • soap:
    • bars not acceptable
    • liquid or foam soap with antibacterial activity
    • skin disinfectants
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26
Q

What are examples of veterinary standard precautions?

A
  • hand hygiene
  • ppe
  • prevention of bites or other injury
  • sharps safety
  • extreme care during procedures involving surgery, obstetrics, and diagnostic specimen handling
  • proper decontamination and disposal waste
  • vaccination of vets
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27
Q

What is the chain of infection?

A
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28
Q

What are the goals of immunization?

A
  • protect susceptible individuals from infection or disease
  • prevent transmission of infectious agents by creating an immune population
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29
Q

What are the 4 “w”s of immunization?

A
  • where? primarily populations in endemic areas
  • when? either right before the “season” or when outbreak of a nonendemic disease occurs
  • who? population at risk
  • why? loss caused by the disease must be greater than cost of immunization
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30
Q

What are features oaf a good vaccine?

A

-safe
- effective against different strains
- few side effects
- long lasting, appropriate protection
- low cost
- stable
- easy to administer
- cheap
- benefits outweigh risk

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31
Q

What is herd immunity?

A
  • when vaccination of a significant portion of a population provides a measure of protection for the small number of individuals without immunity
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32
Q

Who are the surveillance networks for disease control programs?

A
  • world animal health information database (WAHID)
  • world organization for animal health (OIE)
33
Q

What kind of labs should be supporting a disease control program?

A
34
Q

What are the zones/areas used in emergency preparedness and contingency planning for foreign animal disease?

A
35
Q

What are the definitions of the different zones?

A
  • infected zone (IZ): zone that immediately surrounds an infected premise
  • buffer zone (BZ): zone that immedietly surrounds an infected zone
  • control area (CA): consists of an infected zone and buffer zone
  • surveillance zone (SZ): zone outside and along the border of a control area
  • free area (FA): area to include in any control area
  • vaccination zone (VZ): emergency vaccination zone classified as either a containment vaccination zone (inside CA) or a protection vaccination zone (outside CA)
36
Q

What is the one health triad?

A
37
Q

What is GLEWS?

A

-global early warning system for major animal diseases including zoonoses
- collaboration between FAO, OIE, WHO

38
Q

What are objectives of control of infectious disease in wildlife?

A
  • primarily to protect human health against zoonoses in wildlife
  • prevent diseases from being transmitted
  • protect wildlife from certain destructive diseases
39
Q

What are methods of disease control in wildlife?

A
  • prevent transmission to livestock
    • separate from wildlife
    • vector control
    • vaccination of livestock
    • surveillance and risk assessment
    • antemortem diagnostic tests
    • necropsy
    • wildlife population control
  • disease control in wildlife
    • burning and burying of carcass
    • disinfection of watering holes
    • remote vaccination via darts, bio-bullets, bait
      • ex: bait vaccine for rabies in foxes
40
Q

Define antibiotic

A
41
Q

Define antimicrobial

A
42
Q

What is the difference between therapeutic and non-therapeutic antimicrobial use?

A
  • therapeutic use: to treat, control, and prevent spread of illness
  • non-therapeutic use: to balance good/bad bacteria for improved nutrition/growth
43
Q

What is treatment?

A
  • therapeutic use of antimicrobial
  • treatment of diseased animals only with aim to sure infection
44
Q

What is prophylactic use?

A
  • prevention
  • therapeutic use of antimicrobial
  • treatment of healthy herds with aim o prevent infection
45
Q

What is metaphylactic use?

A
  • control
  • therapeutic use of antimicrobial
  • treatment of diseased hers with the aim to cure infection in some individuals and prevent infection in others
46
Q

What are features of growth promotion?

A
  • treatment of healthy animals with low (sub-therapeutic) concentrations in feed with the aim to improve growth rate, efficiency of food utilization and improve reproduction
  • banned in EU, not completely by the FDA yet
47
Q

What are different ways to classify antimicrobials?

A
  • chemical structure
  • origin
  • spectrum
  • mode of action
  • anti-microbial effect
48
Q

What are some features of chemical structures classification?

A
49
Q

What are some features of origin classification?

A
  • natural: produced by fungi and bacteria “true antibiotics”
  • semi-synthetic: chemically altered natural components
  • synthetic: chemically designed y humans
50
Q

What are features of spectrum classification?

A
  • board spectrum: antimicrobials effective against both gram + and gram - microorganisms
    • ex: tetracycline, chloramphenicol, 3rd gen fluoroquinoline, cephalosporin
  • narrow spectrum: antimicrobials with limited activity against a particular species
    • ex:penicillin, polymyxin
51
Q

What are features of mode of action classification?

A
  • cell wall synthesis inhibitors
    • promote autolysin activity > cell lysis
    • inhibit peptidoglycan synthesis by binding to penicillin-binding proteins that are involvedin synthesis
  • protein synthesis inhibitors
    • inhibit 50s or 30s of ribosomal chromosome
52
Q

What are features of antimicrobial effect classification?

A
  • bactericidal drugs: kill microorganisms and reduce total number of viable bacteria
  • bacteriostatic drugs: inhibit growth and multiplication of bacteria,allowing host immune system to complete elimination
  • drugs can be either depending on:
    • drug concentration
    • presence of other drugs
    • bacterial species
53
Q

What are antiviral drugs?

A
  • interfere with ability of virus to
    • infiltrate target cell
    • target different stages of replication and synthesis of components
  • immune system stimulation: - interferons, class of proteins that has antiviral effects an modulates functions of the immune system
  • synthesize antibodies or administration of natural ant-serum
54
Q

What are antihelminthics?

A

-“anti worm”
- vermicide: anthelminthics that kill infesting helminths
- vermifuge: anthelminthics that expel infesting helminths

  • ideally:
    • orally effective
    • single dose
    • cheap
    • wide safety margin
    • no/low tissue residue
55
Q

What are differences between single or combination drug therapy?

A
56
Q

What is antimicrobial selection?

A
  • property of bacteria
57
Q

What is the difference between co-resistance and cross-resistance?

A
  • co-resistance: the co-existence of multiple genes or mutations encoding resistance to different drug within the same strain or genetic element
  • cross-resistance: resistive against one compound gives automatically resistance against another compound
    • mainly within the same chemical group
    • ex: macrolides, phenicols, lincomycins
58
Q

What is co-selection?

A
  • selection of multiple resistance genes when one gene is selected
59
Q

What are hotspots for microbial selection?

A
  • antibiotic pollution is generally couples with contamination by heavy metals and other chemicals which promotes development of resistance mechanisms
  • ARGs + HMRGs located on the same genetic element are released in human affected areas and maintained in HM polluted waters
60
Q

What are 3 kinds of antimicrobial resistance faced by vets?

A
61
Q

Define AMR

A
  • antimicrobial resistance
  • microbiological definition:
    • the property of bacterial strains to survive at higher antibiotic concentrations compared to the wild type population
    • the ability of microbes to grow in the presence of a drug that would normally kill or limit growth
  • clinical definition:
    • bacterial ability to survive antimicrobial therapy and cause therapeutic failure
62
Q

Why is AMR a societal problem?

A
  • antimicrobial resistance: ie. drugs don’t work
  • consequences on animal and pubic health:
    • increased patient mortality and morbidity
    • risk of zoonotic transmission
  • economic consequences:
    • more visit, tests, therapies
    • prolonged hospitalization
    • reduced weight gain
    • loss of customers/reputation
    • cross for decontamination
    • costs for surveillance & intervention
63
Q

What does AMR mean to one health?

A
64
Q

What is the link between antibiotic use and antibiotic resistance

A
65
Q

What are methods of anticrobial resistance strategies?

A
  • stop the antibiotic from reaching its target at a high enough concentration
  • modify or bypass the target that the antibiotic inhibits
66
Q

What are methods to stop the antibiotic from reaching the target?

A
  • efflux pumps
  • destroy permeability of the membrane that surrounds the bacterial cell
  • destroy the antibiotic: production of bacterial enzymes (ex: B-lactamase)
  • modify the antibiotic by adding different chemical groups to antibiotics
67
Q

What are methods to modify/bypass the target that he antibiotic inhibits?

A
  • camouflage the target (ex: metabolic changes)
  • express alternative proteins
  • reprogram target: some bacteria can produce a different variant of a structure it needs
    • ex: vancomycin-resistant bacteria make a different cell wall compared to susceptible bacteria
68
Q

What is intrinsic vs acquired resistance?

A
  • intrinsic resistance:
    • naturally acquired trait (encoded on genome)
    • species or genus specific
  • acquired resistance:
    • by mutation in the existing dna of the organisms
    • by acquisition of new dna via transformation, transduction, or conjugation
69
Q

What is antibiotic selection?

A
  • antimicrobials kill bacteria with no resistance, increasing the percentage of resistant bacteria in the population
70
Q

What are features of methicillin resistant Staphylococcus aureus, MRSA?

A
  • G+ skin commensalism of many animals and humans
  • acquired resistance gene (mcAA) encoding for new penicillin-binding proteins (PBP2A) with low affinity to most B-lactams (penicillins and cephalosporins)
  • major role in nosocomial infections
    • community-acquired MRSA
    • hospital acquired MRSA
    • livestock acquired MRSA
71
Q

What are features of methicillin resistant Staphylococcus pseudintermedius, MRSP?

A
  • G+ skin commensalism of dogs
  • acquired resistance gene (mecA)
  • ~ 70% of cases are skin and wound postsurgical infections acquired in the clinic
  • some MRSP strains are multi-drug resistant bacteria. (MDR) and may be resistant to al antibiotics licensed for veterinary use
72
Q

What are features of spectrum beta lactamase producing enterobacteriaceae, ESB?

A
  • G- bacteria producing an enzyme that can hydrolyze/inactivate most B-lactams, except carbapenems
  • risk of food borne transmission is higher for ESBL-producing Escherichia coli
    • gut commensal
    • may transfer from animals to humans via meat consumption
    • upon ingestion, may colonize the gut and transfer ESBL-encoding plasmids to resident E.coli
73
Q

What are important questions to ask for implementing rational antimicrobial use?

A
74
Q

What are features of reduction of overall antimicrobial consumption?

A
  • disease prevention: hygiene,management, etc.
  • avoid unnecessary, routine prophylaxis
  • avoid unnecessary therapy
    • viral infections
    • self-limiting infections
    • disease conditions which require solely topical products
75
Q

What are features of proving use of diagnostic testing?

A
  • maximizeuse of cytology to guide choice for relevant disease conditions
  • increase use of cultures and susceptibility testing
  • use good diagnostic laboratory
76
Q

What are features of prudent use of the 2nd line CIA?

A
  • minimize empiric use of CIAs,especially broad spectrum which select for MDR bacteria and should be used as last resort
    • ex: 3rd and 4th gen cephalosporins, macrolides, fluoroquinolones
77
Q

What are features of optimal dosage regimes?

A
  • shoot high: highest possible dose
  • shoot regular: administer at regular intervals
  • shoot fast: treat the earliest and for shortest time possible
78
Q

What are criteria for empiric therapy?

A
  • use of first choice drugs are defined by national or international specific guidelines
  • hold disease-specific antibiotic formularies indicating first choice drugs for each disease condition
  • national guidelines are better
79
Q

What are measures for prevention and control of AMR?

A

RUSVM Principles Of Infectious Diseases (6 decks)

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