Week 1 - Vertebrae

Question 1

vertebral column functions

Answer 1

support body weight, transmit forces, flexibility, positioning and support of head, protection

Question 2

kyphosis

Answer 2

concave anteriorly
thoracic and sacral

Question 3

lordosis

Answer 3

concave posteriorly
cervical and lumbar

Question 4

primary curvatures

Answer 4

thoracic and kyphosis
born with them

Question 5

secondary curvatures

Answer 5

cervical and lumbar
happens later in life

Question 6

cervical lordosis

Answer 6

when child gains head control and is essential to being able to stand or sit and move their head

Question 7

lumbar lordosis

Answer 7

appears once the child stands
needed for center of gravity over the hips and for standing

Question 8

number or vetebrae

Answer 8

33 held together by intervertebral discs, ligaments and muscles

Question 9

vertebrae breakdown

Answer 9

seperated = 24
- 7 cervica
- 12 thoracic
- 5 lumbar
fused = 9
- 5 sacral
- 4 coccygeal

Question 10

movements of the vertebral column

Answer 10

extension, flexion, lateral flexion and rotation

Question 11

vertebral body description

Answer 11

block shape, anterior part, main weight bearing, gets larger and thicket towards the lumbar

Question 12

vertebral arch

Answer 12

ring structure
protects SC and caudal equina
attachment for ligaments and muscles

Question 13

cervical variations

Answer 13

square shaped
trough shaped transverse
large traingular shape foreman
bifid spinous process

Question 14

transverse foreman

Answer 14

only found in c1-c6 contains the vertebral artery

Question 15

atlas - C1

Answer 15

there is no vertebral body, specialized for head movement

Question 16

axis - C2

Answer 16

odontoid process
extends from the superior body
articulate with the atlas above

Question 17

thoracic variations

Answer 17

superior and inferior articulations in posterior vertebrae for the ribs
- circular shaped foreman and smaller
- long slender downward pointing spinous processes

Question 18

lumbar variations

Answer 18

thick and wide vertebral body, thick lamina due to an increase in load
- long thin transverse process (except L5), triangular foreman, square shaped spinous process

Question 19

sacrum

Answer 19

has left articular surface for the hip joint and posterior sacral foramen for the nerves to exit

Question 20

coccyx

Answer 20

absence of vertebral foreman, attached by a fibrocartilogenous disc

Question 21

joints of the vertebral column (2)

Answer 21

zygapophyseal and intervertebral

Question 22

number of articulations

Answer 22

6
-1 above, 1 below intervertebral
- 2 left, 2 right zygaphophyseal

Question 23

interverterbal joints

Answer 23

secondary fibrocartilage
designed for weight, shock and strength

Question 24

intervertebral disc

Answer 24

annulus fibrosus and nucleus pulposus

Question 25

annulus firbosus

Answer 25

multiple layers of fibrocartilage and elastic fibres arranged into concentric rings

Question 26

orientation of annulus fibrosus

Answer 26

concentric layers, runs in identical direction about 65 degree from vertical, it resists twisting and buckling

Question 27

nucleus pulposus

Answer 27

gel like 80% water, contained within the annulus but has no clear division with it

Question 28

vertebral end plate

Answer 28

1 mm layer of cartilage cover the upper and lower body and anchors the intervertebral disc facilitates fluid exchange between disc and vertebral body

Question 29

uncinate process

Answer 29

do not extend across the entire width of the vertebral, extend to the uncinate process

Question 30

uncovertebral joint

Answer 30

synovial joints with defined articular surface, joint capsule and synovial membrane limit excessive rotation of the cervical intervertebral joints

Question 31

anterior longitudinal ligament

Answer 31

a broad thick lig, spans the anterior part of vertebra, runs from sacral to C1 resist separation of the vertebral bodies during hyperextension

Question 32

posterior longitudinal ligamanet

Answer 32

not as broad, runs from sacral to C1 resists separation during hyperflexion

Question 33

zygapophyseal joint

Answer 33

synovial plane joints allow gliding movement joints have a loose joint capsule lined by synovial membrane

Question 34

ligaments of the vertebral arches (3)

Answer 34

suprapinous, interspinous, flavum help support

Question 35

ligament flavum

Answer 35

highly elastic, becomes stretched when bending forward to help return upright

Question 36

interspinous ligament

Answer 36

weak band

Question 37

supraspinous ligament

Answer 37

longitudinal band that helps resist separation during flexion

Question 38

ligamentum Nuchae

Answer 38

in the cervical region helps return a flexed head and an attachment for cervical muscles

Question 39

cervical spine movement

Answer 39

flex, extend, rotation and bending

Question 40

thoracic movement

Answer 40

less movement, flexion, extend, rotation, bending

Question 41

lumbar movement

Answer 41

lateral flexion and limited rotation