Week 1 - Theories of Anesthesia

Question 1

_________ type A receptor is responsible for the majority of inhibitory neurotransmission in the central nervous system

Answer 1

gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA)

Question 2

Known as the On/Off switch for anesthetic state transitions?

Answer 2

Thalamus

Question 3

Function of the Thalamus

Answer 3

Relays sensory input from the periphery
Multimodal, receives input from the cortex

Question 4

What is external consciousness?

Answer 4

Experience of external stimuli (sounds)

Question 5

What is internal consciousness?

Answer 5

Endogenous experience (dream state)

Question 6

Difference between consciousness and responsiveness?

Answer 6

Being conscious would allow you to hear the external stimuli of “open your eyes”. Responsiveness is you carrying out the command such as “open your eyes”

Question 7

What is amnesia?

Answer 7

Not being able to recall events that occurred under anesthesia. “You can’t remember what you’re not conscious of”

Question 8

Declarative memory

Answer 8

Remembering prior events and having accessible knowledge

Question 9

Episodic memory

Answer 9

Recalling personal experiences

Question 10

What are the 2 subdivisions of memory?

Answer 10

Explicit (conscious) and implicit (unconscious) recall

Question 11

3 phases of anesthesia

Answer 11

Induction, maintenance, and emergence

Question 12

4 stages of anesthesia

Answer 12

I. Sedation/Analgesia II. Excitement III. Surgical anesthesia IV. Death

Question 13

Consciousness is characterized by

Answer 13

Wakefulness and awareness (subjective experience)

Question 14

How is memory potentially turned from short term memory into long term memory?

Answer 14

Encoding

Question 15

Recollection vs familiarity

Answer 15

Recollection is remembering specific contextual details, familiarity is recognition of something, but not knowing exactly why you are recognizing it

Question 16

Where is Norepinephrine synthesized

Answer 16

Locus Ceruleus –> Activity is the highest during waking consciousness, decreases during Non-REM sleep.

Question 17

Where is the brains source of acetylcholine?

Answer 17

Laterodorsal ped.. you know the thing (pedunculopontine tegmentum)

Question 18

What is the responsibility of the ventral tegemental area of the brain?

Answer 18

Dopaminergic transmission mediating arousal during anesthesia

Question 19

Monoamines

Answer 19

Peak during wakefulness, decreases during REM sleep

Question 20

Cholinergic

Answer 20

Cortical activation during waking or REM cycle

Question 21

Acetylcholine and GABA

Answer 21

Inverse relationship across the sleep wake cycle - “shared circuits” of sleep and anesthesia suggest that general anesthetics have their effects in sleep and arousal centers
GABA helps “slow” the brain

Question 22

Awareness is necessary for the establishment of ___________

Answer 22

Memory

Question 23

Conscious recall can occur only if _________ is accompanied by ___________ ____________

Answer 23

Awareness, memory processes